Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of Reproduction Sexual (Sperm meet Egg) 2 parents Methods Disadvantages Internal fertilization Diversity in offspring External fertilization Offspring less likely to have mutations show up Population increases are limited Can increase populations rapidly Lack of diversity in offspring Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place Because they reproduce offspring genetically identical to parents, the offspring inherit any mutations of the parent. Conjugation Budding Asexual 1 parent Advantages Requires a mate to reproduce Spores Fission • Definitions: - Diversity in offspring > def. – Diversity - the relative uniqueness of each individual in the population - offspring less likely to have mutations show up > def. – Mutation – changes in DNA ~ Body Plans ~ • Animals that are irregular in shape or have no shape are asymmetrical. • Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical. ~ Body Plans ~ • An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. (like a pizza) • An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other. (like humans) Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry? ~Invertebrates~ • 8 main phyla • No backbones • 95% of all animals are in this group Invertebrates Type of Invertebrate Porifera Major Characteristics Platyhelminthes Type of Reproduction -Simplest animals -can regenerate body parts -has no symmetry Cnidaria Examples -2 basic body shapes; medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra) -Have tentacles -have stinging cells called nematocyst -Can regenerate -most are parasites -have flat ribbon like bodies -Bilateral symmetry Sponges Asexual Jellyfish Asexual Hydra Planaria ** Flukes Flatworms Sexual or Asexual Major Characteristics Examples Type of Invertebrate Nematoda Mollusca Annelida -round, tubular bodies Roundworms -Most are parasites Pinworms -have both a mouth and Hook anus -Bilateral symmetry Worms -Broad Muscular foot -Layer of tissue called mantle -Have hard shells and soft bodies -Live on land and in the water Group includes: gastropods bivalves & cephalopods Snails Slugs Clams Oysters Squids Octopuses -Segmented worms -Body divided into segments(sections) -Live in water or underground Segmented worms Earthworm Bristle Worms Leeches Type of Reproduction Sexual Sexual Sexual(majority) Asexual Invertebrates (cont’d) Type of Invertebrate Echinodermata Major Characteristics Endoskeleton covered with spines Examples Starfish Sea Urchins Sand Dollar Type of Reproduction Asexual Invertebrates (cont’d) Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics -Jointed Legs -Segmented Anthropods body parts -Exoskeleton -Head and welldeveloped brain Examples Centipedes Millipedes Type of Reproduction Sexual Crustaceans Sexual Arachnids Sexual Insects Sexual Porifera - Simplest animals - can regenerate body parts Reproduction: ASEXUAL (Video) ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ • Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge Cnidarians – 2 basic body shapes – Examples: Jellyfish/Hydra medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra) - Reproduction: Asexual Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of Reproduction Sexual (Sperm meet Egg) 2 parents Methods Disadvantages Internal fertilization Diversity in offspring External fertilization Offspring less likely to have mutations show up Population increases are limited Can increase populations rapidly Lack of diversity in offspring Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place Because they reproduce offspring genetically identical to parents, the offspring inherit any mutations of the parent. Conjugation Budding Asexual 1 parent Advantages Requires a mate to reproduce Spores Fission ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ 2 different shapes Medusa - like a jellyfish Polyp - like a hydra ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ • Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals Platyhelminthes • Can regenerate • some are parasites Examples: Planaria*, Flukes, Flatworms Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Planaria eyespots detect light food and waste go in and out the same opening ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Tapeworm Parasite that lives in intestines of host absorbing food ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Fluke parasite lives inside of host ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ 2 different shapes Medusa - like a jellyfish Polyp - like a hydra ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ • Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals Nematodes • Most are parasites • Examples: Pinworms, Hookworms • Reproduction: Sexual ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ • Examples: – Hookworm – Trichinella Nematodes Mollusks Broad Muscular foot - Layer of tissue called mantle - Have shells - Group includes: gastropods bivalves & cephalopods - Gills - Examples: Complex ganglia,Snails, Slugs, Clams, Oysters, Squids, Octopuses - Reproduction: SEXUAL - ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Gastropoda – snails and slugs – may have 1 shell – stomach-footed move on stomach ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ • Examples: – Hookworm – Trichinella Annelids • Closed Circulatory System • Skin • Examples: Earthworm, Bristle Worm, Leeches • Reproduction: SEXUAL or ASEXUAL ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ • Class Earthworms • eat soil and breakdown organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ »Class bristleworms ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ • Class leeches • parasites that feed on blood of other animals ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Bivalves – 2 shells hinged together – clams, oysters, scallops and mussels Echinoderms • Endoskeleton • covered with spines • use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen • Examples: starfish, sea urchin, sand dollar • Reproduction: Asexual ~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ • Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber Arthropods -- Jointed Legs -- Segmented Body parts -- Exoskeleton -- Head and well-developed brain - Reproduction: SEXUAL ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda • Class Pycnogonida – Sea spider ~Chordata (Vertebrates)~ • 1 main phylum • Have backbones, and once had a notochord • 5% of all animals are in this phylum 5 classes • Fish • Mammals • Reptiles • Amphibians • Birds Levels of Organization ATOMS • Smallest part of matter • NON-living Molecules • 2 or more bonded atoms • Form compounds • NON-living Macromolecule • Very large molecules • Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids • NON-living Organelles • “Tiny organs” • Made of macromolecules Cell • Made of organelles • Basic unit of structure & function • LIVING Tissue • The same kind cell working together • Living Organs • Tissues that work together • Living Systems • Organs that work together • Living Organism • Entire living things (organisms) • Usually made of systems • May be a single cell • Living Population • Same type of organism living together Community • Several populations living together • Population interact Ecosystem • A biotic (living) community plus the abiotic (nonliving) features Biome • Similar ecosystems on earth together Biosphere • Whole living layer around the globe • Includes abiotic features http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/envisys.html Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere Review •What are Invertebrates? •Animals without a backbone •What is difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? •Sexual reproduction requires a mate, Asexual reproduction doesn’t •What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? •Diversity/Offspring less likely to have mutations •What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction? •Population increases are limited/requires mate Review Cont’d •What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? •Increases population rapidly/no mate needed •What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? •Reproduce offspring identical to parents •No diversity •Which category does a flat worm belong in (Asexual or Sexual)? • both The End.