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Communication
The Communication
Process
Good communication skills are
among the most important
ingredients contributing to the
performance enhancement and
personal growth of sport and
exercise participants.
Purposes of Communication
Persuasion
Evaluation
Information
Motivation
Problem Solving
Types of Communication
Interpersonal communication (at least two
persons in a meaningful exchange)
Nonverbal communication
Intrapersonal communication (self-talk–
the communication we have with
ourselves)
The Communication
Process
Sending Messages Effectively
Nonverbal message characteristics
physical appearance
posture
body position
gestures
touching
facial expression
voice characteristics
Sending Messages Effectively
The importance of nonverbal
messages:
Nonverbal messages are harder to
hide and consciously control, so
they are more accurate indicators of
how a person feels.
Sending Messages Effectively
1. Be direct.
2. Own your message.
3. Be complete and specific.
4. Be clear and consistent.
5. State your needs and feelings clearly.
6. Separate fact from opinion.
Sending Messages Effectively
7. Focus on one thing at a time.
8. Deliver messages immediately.
9. Avoid hidden agendas.
10. Be supportive.
11. Be consistent with your nonverbal
messages.
12. Reinforce with repetition.
Sending Messages Effectively
13. Make messages appropriate to the
receiver’s frame of reference.
14. Look for feedback that your message
was accurately interpreted.
Receiving Messages Effectively
Active Listening
Asking questions
Paraphrasing
Attending to main and supporting ideas
Acknowledging and responding
Giving appropriate feedback
Paying attention to the speaker’s total
communication (verbal and nonverbal)
Receiving Messages Effectively
Keys to active listening:
Paraphrase what the speaker said.
Don’t mistake listening for
understanding.
Understanding = agreement?
Mentally prepare to listen.
Breakdowns in Communication
I KNOW YOU BELIEVE THAT YOU UNDERSTAND
WHAT YOU THINK I SAIDBUT I'M NOT SURE YOU REALIZE THAT WHAT YOU
HEARD IS NOT WHAT I MEANT.
 Sender Failures:
Poorly transmitted messages
ambiguous, inconsistent
 Receiver Failures:
Failure to listen carefully (misinterpretation)
The Sandwich Approach to Constructive
Criticism
A positive statement.
Future-oriented instruction.
A compliment.
Example of the Sandwich Approach
Positive statement:
“Sally, you are really working hard out there.”
Future-oriented statement:
“Next time try to slow down and not get ahead
of the music.”
Compliment:
“You’re getting there; keep up the good work!”
Confrontation
A face to face discussion among
people in conflict. While confrontation
is often seen as negative, when
properly used, it is a part of effective
communication.
DO’s and DON’T’s of Confronting
DO convey that you value your
relationship with the person
DO go slowly and think about what you
want to communicate.
DO try to understand the other person’s
position.
DO listen carefully to what the other
person is trying to communicate.