Download Maintaining Healthy Systems

Maintaining Healthy Systems
The 10 leading causes of death (WHO, 2008)
World
Deaths in
millions
% of deaths
Ischaemic heart disease
7.25
12.8%
Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease
6.15
10.8%
Lower respiratory infections
3.46
6.1%
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3.28
5.8%
Diarrhoeal diseases
HIV/AIDS
2.46
1.78
4.3%
3.1%
Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
1.39
2.4%
Tuberculosis
Diabetes mellitus
Road traffic accidents
1.34
1.26
1.21
2.4%
2.2%
2.1%
Preventive Health Care
 The best way to stay healthy is to prevent disease
in the first place.
 HOW?
 Eat well.
 Avoid unhealthy foods.
 Exercise.
 Make smart choices.
 Rest, wash & immunize.
How does your immune system work?
# 1 – Your Skin
Skin is a barrier to protect your body against
pathogens.
Pathogens are disease-causing agents (e.g.
bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.).
Enzymes in tears, mucous, and saliva can
destroy microbes.
# 2 – In the Respiratory System
Mucous and cilia trap debris and pathogens.
# 3. White blood cells
White blood cells engulf microbes, then
destroy them with enzymes.
Some white blood cells produce pus at the site of
an infection when they die.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ
# 4. The Inflammatory Response
Swelling, heat and redness due to increased
blood flow to the infected area.
Fever - increased temperature prevents
viruses from reproducing as fast.
# 5. The Immune Response
Pathogens have proteins on their surface called antigens.
Some white blood cells make proteins called antibodies
that attach to antigens to help destroy the pathogens.
Allergies
Allergic reactions occur when your body recognizes
the antigens on allergens as dangerous, and tries to
fight them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTcL7u05aUU
What are vaccines?
 antigen-containing substances obtained from
weakened or dead microbes
smallpox
Jenner, 1796
rabies
Pasteur, 1885
Salk, 1955
polio
What are antibiotics?
 chemical agents that are toxic to bacteria
Fleming, 1928
 Colds and flu are caused by viruses, so antibiotics
are useless against them.
Organ Transplantation
 What organs and tissues can be donated?
 How many people in Ontario are waiting for organ
transplants?
 How is living donation different from organ donation
after cardiac death (DCD)?