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Transcript
Slide 1: What is Learning? Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Learning- a relatively durable change in behavior that is due to experience. Common examplesLanguage Sports Mastery Social Behavior Reading etc Types of Learning to be studied Observational Learning (Bandura)- previous classes, a little here Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)Operant Conditioning (Skinner)Slide 1 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 2: Classical Conditioning a/k/a, Pavlovian Conditioning background on Pavlov “Pavlov’s Dog!” Stimulus Pair Response Food Salivate ((Sound)) Salivate Slide 2 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 3: Pavlovian Terminology Unconditioned Association- primary (natural) association between S-R Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- natural stimulus properties Unconditioned Response (UCR)- natural response to UCS Salivating Neutral Stimulus (NS)- a stimulus unable to elicit a response. Conditioned Association- acquired S-R where there previously was none Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- stimulus that acquire some of the stimulus properties of the UCS. Food Sound Conditioned Response (CR)- response to a CS. Same or similar response to the UCR. Salivating Slide 3 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 4: Classical Conditioning UCS UCR Food ((Sound)) CS Salivate Salivate CR Slide 4 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 5: Pavlovian Terminology (cont.) Overhead Acquisition- the formation of a new conditioned response tendency. For example, salivate to tone Trial- a single presentation of a stimulus “pair” to an organism Extinction- the gradual weakening of the S-R bonds Spontaneous Recovery- reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the CS Slide 5 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 6: “Class”ical Conditioning UCS UCR Balloon Popping Needle/Actions Cringe, Flinch etc. Cringe, Flinch etc. Holding Balloon etc. CS CR Slide 6 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 7: CC in Real Life- the CER The “Conditioned Emotional Response” (CER) a classically conditioned emotional response Katie B- a story of smelly young love UCS UCR Paradise by the Dashboard Light Cover Girl Foundation CS MMMM MM CR Slide 7 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 8: CER Continued UT Psychology Building, Dogs, Highway Turnoffs etc. Fears (Phobias) UCS //// Your Life!!! UCR _________ Food your choice __________ your choice __________ ((Sound)) your choice CS __________ your choice CR Slide 8 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 9: Important Factors in S-R binding strength S-R bonds vary in strength (wax and wane, which allow us to adapt). Temporal Contiguity- time association between two events Neutral Stimulus Novelty- must be unusual or particularly powerful to be linked to UCS Slide 9 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 10: Generalization and Discrimination Stimulus GeneralizationLittle Albert- (CD clip) UCS- Loud Noise UCR- crying NS/CS- white rat CR- crying Generalization- gradual fear of furry objects Stimulus DiscriminationGrady (my dog) and the cars in driveway UCS- Owner UCR- happy dog behavior NS/CS- car engine CR- happy dog behavior Discrimination- only owner’s car CS= my car in driveway CR- happy dog behavior Slide 10 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 11: Higher Order Conditioning UCS Too Much Tequila Yuke/Nausea 1st Pair NS/CS Tequila Yak/Nausea NS/CS Mexican Restaurant Hurl/Nausea 2nd Pair Slide 11 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 12:Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Much behavior is controlled by their consequences (future stimuli) not drawn out by event that precede it such as in classical conditioning. Operant vs. Classical Conditioning Operant: Consequences Behavior Reinforcement/ Punishment Classical: UCS Unconditioned Behavior CS Conditioned Behavior Slide 12 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 13: Terms of Operant Conditioning Reinforcement- consequences following behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. Punishment- consequences following behavior that decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. Slide 13 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 14: Operant Terms Continued Rate of Response- strength of learned response (remember no S-R bond as in CC, more of a R-S bond). Acquisition- developing a new response tendency Extinction- gradual weakening of response What would cause this? Shaping- the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response. Slide 14 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 15:Positive/Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement- increases response tendency by presenting a rewarding stimulus. [Class exercise x2] Negative Reinforcement- increases response tendency by removing an aversive/unpleasant stimulus. [Class exercise x2] Slide 15 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 16: Schedules of Reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement- a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time. Continuous Reinforcers Intermittent Reinforcers Which would be more existent to extinction? Slide 16 Slide 17: Schedules (cont.) Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Ratio Schedules- rate of reinforcement determined by number of appropriate responses. Fixed Ratio [FR]- circus prizes, raffle contests, piecework, mouse-clicking. Variable Ratio [VR]- slot machines, internet surfing (?) Interval Schedules- rate of reinforcement determined by first response after a time interval has passed. Fixed Interval [FI]- checking email on university server that updates every 10 minutes. Variable Interval [VI]- checking for slide notes on internet Slide 17 Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Slide 18: Neg. Reinforcement & Punishment Quick Quiz Negative Reinforcement- increases response tendency by removing an aversive/unpleasant stimulus. Punishment- consequences following behavior that decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. Anything that leads to a weakened response tendency Slide 18 Slide 19: Punishment Mansfield University Introductory Psychology Learning Effective use of: Apply swiftly after unwanted behavior Severe enough to be effective Consistent application after unwanted behavior Explain punishment Minimize physical punishment, WHY? general suppressive effect. modeled (observational learning) --> future aggression. often strong emotional backlash focused on source. Slide 19
