Download “And the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started

The Psychology of Sex
Part III
Psych 405
Dr. D. Wardell
Department of Psychology
University of Alberta
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“And the end of all
our exploring will be
to arrive where we
started and know the
place for the first
time”
-T.S. Elliot
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Part lll
Personal Relationships and
Development & Clinical Observations
The Kinsey surveys
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More recent ones...
The NHSLS survey...
Some results:
who, what, where,
when and how often
“The Marriage Effect”
Comparing Canadian surveys
Canadian attitudes
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Sexual Dysfunction
Sexual functioning
Masters and Johnson Model
EPOR
Helen Kaplan’s Model
DEO
Rosemary Basson et al.
Beyond DEO
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Sexual Dysfunction
Sexual dysfunctions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
desire
arousal
orgasm
pain
NORC
Base rates:
Men: 31%
Women 43%
Julia Heiman
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Sexual Dysfunction
1. Desire: hypoactive sexual
desire and sexual aversion
BR
NORC
Dx
Men:
5 16%
(0 - 3%)
Women:
2233%
(10% )
Dx issues:


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“dysfunction” vs. problem
medical factors
Sexual Dysfunction
2. Arousal: SADF and SADM
BR
NORC
Dx
Men:
5 10%
(0 - 5%)
Women:
1419%
(6%)
Dx issues:




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“erectile insufficiency” for men
vaginal lubrication for women
the relevance of negative emotional states (anxiety)
the relevance of the autonomic nervous system.
(PNS/SNS)
Sexual Dysfunction
3. Orgasmic: orgasmic dysfunction and
“premature ejaculation”
BR
NORC
Dx
Men:
0  8%
(0 - 3%)
Women:
7 25%
(10%)
Dx issues:
 the ejaculation for men
 the “satisfaction” for women
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Sexual Dysfunction
“Premature ejaculation”
BR
Men:
Women:
NORC
Dx
21 30%
(5%)
?
(?)
Dx issues: comparative and personal
criteria
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Sexual Dysfunction
4. Pain: dyspareunia and vaginismus
BR
Men:
Women:
NORC
Dx
03%
(0%)
? 15%
(3 - 18%)
Also: “Sexual dysfunction NOS”
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Sexual Dysfunction
Summary
NORC
BR12
Men: 31%
Women: 43%
DSM
LTR
Men: 10%?
Women: 15-20%?
Diagnosis, reconsidered:
We need to “acknowledge the highly contextual
nature of women’s sexuality.”
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- Rosemary Basson
Sexual Dysfunction
Therapies:
Masters & Johnson
Evaluative research
definition of success
success and spontaneous
remission
Modern modifications
relationships and individualized
assessment
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Summary
The general population is
1. Not very sexually active...
2. Satisfied with their sex life, but...
3. Reporting lots of problems!
How to understand this?
The complexity of human sexuality
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Neurobiology of Male Sexuality
1. Peripheral nervous system: Autonomic aspect
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic components
e.g. “Erection Generating Centre”
2. Central nervous system:
Brain stem: PGN (Paragiganto Nucleus)
Hypothalamus: Medial Preoptic Area and
Paraventricular Nucleus
Neocortex
Dopamine, Testosterone, Viagra, et al.
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Neurobiology of Female Sexuality
1. Peripheral nervous system: Autonomic aspect
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic components
e.g. “Erection Generating Centre”
2. Central nervous system:
Brain stem: PGN (Paragiganto Nucleus)
Hypothalamus: Medial Preoptic Area and
Paraventricular Nucleus
Neocortex
Dopamine, Testosterone, Viagra, et al.
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Similarities and differences
Comparing Sexual Arousal
Between the Sexes
Genital and Subjective Measures
Correlations for men
Category-specificity for men
For women, “a rudderless system of
reflexive physiological arousal.”
- Meredith Chivers
Implications
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Meredith Chivers
“Our Sexual Society”
Some myths about
“your sexual self”
Some Topics
1. Contraception and Abortion
▪ Natural and unnatural methods
▪ Rates and results
▪ Consequences:
“post-abortion syndrome”?
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2. Masturbation
Other species
Human history
The Future of Solitary Sex
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John Money
Excerpt from US patent 745,264 by Albert V. Todd, filed on May 29, 1903;
depicting a lockable belt with a tube for inserting the penis. It uses
spikes, electric shocks and an alarm bell as punishment for erections
(designed to prevent masturbation and nocturnal ejaculation)
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3.
Marriage and Divorce:
Research at “The Love Lab”
Are all happy
marriages alike?
The three types of regulated marriage
1. Validating
2. Volatile
3. Conflict-avoiding
“Balance Theory”: 5 to 1
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3.
Marriage and Divorce:
Research at “The Love Lab”
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
1. Complaining
2. Contempt
3. Defensiveness
4. Stonewalling
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3.
Marriage and Divorce:
Research at “The Love Lab”
The cascade:
DPA: “Diffuse physiological arousal”
FAE: “Fundamental attribution error”
The implications for marital therapy
Early marital therapies
Later marital therapies
“Minimal Marital Therapy”
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4.
Erotica and Pornography:
History of research and debate
Modern research results
Experimental research in the lab
Attitudes & behavior
Correlational research in real life
Attitudes & behavior
“The Confluence Model”: Personality as a moderator variable
“You can’t hang a coat on a hook if the hook isn’t there.”
Problems with erotica and pornography
Cyber sex: research and clinical cases
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5.
Obsession and Stalking:
research and clinical practice
The research on unrequited love
Two typical scenarios
Results of rejection
Stalking: research and clinical cases
1. Simple obsessionals
2. “Love” obsessionals
3. “Erotomania”
Attachment Theory
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“Obsessional following is a pathology of attachment.”
- John Meloy
5.
Obsession and Stalking:
research and practice
Self
Others
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-
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Secure
“Preoccupied”
-
Dismissive
Fearful
Preoccupied: Poor self-image ...
Fearful: ...compounded by negativity
Dismissive: Narcissism and hostility
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Gender:
Men, Women and the Trangendered
1. The biology of sexual differentiation
and the Intersexual Syndromes
▪ True Hermaphrodite
▪ Male Pseudohermaphrodite (e.g. AIS)
▪ Female Pseudohermaphrodite (e.g. CAH)
The Lesson of the Intersexed
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Gender:
Men, Women and the Trangendered
Other cases: genital traumatization
1. The case of David Reimer
2. X, “...living as a male since 1998”
David Reimer, suicide May 4, 2004
Summary:
Gender awareness and ambiguous genitalia...
Gender awareness and traumatized genitalia...
Gender: genes, genitalia, and “the gender that is performed”.
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2. The Psychology of Gender and the
Transgendered Experience
The historical importance of gender identity and
the emergence of the “third gender”
Development of the “gendermap”:
“The Relay Race”:
1.
2.
3.
4.
genes
prenatal hormones
physical appearance
learning
“A faint signal that somehow
gets amplified.”
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- Deborah Blum
3. Childhhod Gender Identity Disorder
Diagnosis:
discordance, distress and the
desire to change
Prognosis:
e.g. “the sissy boy syndrome”
 gender
 sexual orientation
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4. Adult Gender Identity Disorder
Diagnosis: discordance, distress and the
desire for change
A. Women


FTM, masculinity and gynephilia
“Gender atypicality” among women
B. Men

MTF, femininity and androphilia



“Gender atypicality” among men
Note: “autogynephilia”

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i.e “Classic / Homosexual TS”
i.e “Non-classic / Heterosexual TS”
4. Adult Gender Identity
Disorder
Therapy: ... three possibilities
1. Body  mind
... the transsexual surgical solution
... and the debate
2. Mind  body
... modifying gender identity
... and the debate
3. The alternative
... reducing the distress
... and the debate
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Sexual Orientation
Definition:
heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual
androphilic, gynephilic and “bisexual”/biphilic
What is “sexual orientation”?
“Erotosexual attraction only to
someone who has the same external
body morphology
as your own”
- John Money
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Sexual Orientation
The surveys: Kinsey and beyond
1. same-sex sexual behavior?
37%, 13%  20%?
2. same-sex sexual desire?
50%, 28%  about 40%?
3. same-sex romantic attraction?
males: 3 - 4%
females: 1 – 2 %
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Sexual Orientation
The modern results:
1. behavior?
9%, 4%  maybe 10%? (not 20%)
2. desire?
8%, 8%  maybe 10%? (not 40%)
3. attraction?
males: 2.8%
females: 1.4 %
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Sexual Orientation
Development of Sexual Orientation:
A. Psychodynamic Theory (“Psychoanalytic”)
... and its problems
B. Learning Theory (“Socialization”)
... and its problems
C. Biology (e.g. prenatal androgenization)
... and its problems
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Concordance rates and other curiosities
“The paradox of gay genes”
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Other theories: “Availability” and “EBE” Theories
Two Types of Theory
Anne Fausto-Sterling (right) and partner
Simon LeVay
...biological and beyond...
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Two Types of Theory
1. Androcentric: “bottom-up” theories
Sexual desire and arousal  romantic attraction 
sexual orientation
e.g. “Inversion Model”
2. Gynecentric: “top-down” theories
Relationships and intimacy  sexual desire and arousal 
sexual orientation
e.g. “Intimate Careers Model”
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Sexual Orientation and
the Social Context
Same-sex sexual behavior
... a sin
... a crime
... evidence of an attribute
Cross-cultural variations
Developmental discontinuities
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Sexual Orientation and
the DSM
What is wrong with any sexual orientation?
1. Theoretical criterion
(disease, defect) and DSM I
2. Social criterion
(difference, deviance) and DSM II
3. Personal criterion
(distress, dysphoria) and DSM III
4. Maladaptation
(dysfunction, disorder) and DSM IV
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Sexual Orientation and
the DSM
A Diagnosis: “Sexual disorder NOS”



discordance
distress
and the desire for change
A Therapy: three possibilities
1. Sex life  sexual orientation
2. “Conversion” and “reparative” therapy
3. The alternative
... reducing the distress
... and the debate
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Sexual Orientation and
Other Species
Same sex sexual behavior in other species
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Sexual Orientation and
Other Species
Homosexuality in other species
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The Lovemap
Where do sexual interests come from?
The importance of personal experience and
interpersonal relationships
Two Types of theory again...
“For men, sex leads to intimacy...
for women, intimacy leads to sex.”
- Donald Symons, The Evolution of Human Sexuality
“What does sexual orientation orient?”
- Lisa Diamond
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The Lovemap
Three premises:
1. Whatever your sexual orientation,
you can be in love with people who
do not share it.
2. Whatever your sex, you can be in
love with people of either sex.
3. Your sexual desire for someone
can start with your love for them
whatever your sexual orientation.
Is the lovemap fixed and firm or flexible and fluid?
“Romance can override sexual orientation.”
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- Lisa Diamond
Special Cases
Bisexuality, for men and women
“The perpetual quagmire of sexual theory”
1. Men
Descriptive features
- behavior, desire, attraction
Developmental history
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Special Cases
Bisexuality, for men and women
“The perpetual quagmire of sexual theory”
2. Women
Descriptive features
- behavior, desire, attraction
Developmental history
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Special Cases
Asexuality, for men and women
“The decoupling of sexual orientation from sexual desire”
Descriptive features
- behavior, desire, attraction
Developmental history
The absence of sexual orientation?
A new kind of sexual orientation?
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David Jay
Paraphilias
“To study the abnormal is the best way to study
the normal”
- William James
A. Description
Sociological and Pathological Paradigms
Diagnostic criteris
Definition: “...reiteratively responsive to and dependent
on atypical or forbidden stimulus imagery, in fantasy or
practice, for the initiation and maintenance of
erotosexual arousal and achievement or facilitation of
orgasm.”
Note: paraphilias and phobias, as opposed to “fetishes”
and “irrational fears”
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Paraphilias
Examples:
voyeurism
exhibitionism
fetishes
fetishistic transvestism
pedophilia
zoophilia
frotteurism
sexual sadism and masochism
and others . . .
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Marquis de Sade
Paraphilias
B. Explanation
Normality and Pathological approaches
Theories: (and what is wrong with them)
1. Psychodynamic Theory
management of impulses
2. Learning Theory
A. Classical conditioning: stimulus association
problems: extinction and real life?
B. Operant conditioning: reinforcement
problems: extinction and real life?
3. Cognition:
 “arousal transference/misattribution”
 problems: self-correction and real life?
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Paraphilias
What is wrong with many theories for paraphilias?
There is “a certain naiveté about learning theories of paraphilias.”
- Simon LeVay
Asking the right question:
Not: Why is he interested in that?
But: Why isn’t he interested in anything but that?
“The Vandalized Lovemap”
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Paraphilias
Modern perspectives:
1.
Erotic activity preferences
(“Courtship Disorders”)
e.g. Penance, possession,
payment activities (John Money)
2.
Erotic target preferences
(“Fetishes”)
e.g. Substitute objects,
people, self (John Money)
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Kurt Freund
Paraphilias
Sources of “Vandalized Lovemaps”
1.
Physical factors
2.
Psychological factors
“Paraphilias represent the desperation of relatively lowranking individuals who have normal sex drives but lack the
wherewithal to court successfully.”
- David Barash, Making Sense of Sex
e.g. Developmental conflicts
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Paraphilias
C. Treatment
Affirmative and Clinical approaches
The limitations of behavior therapies
e.g. aversion Tx, punishment, condemnation
Modern approaches to treatment
e.g. retraining, restructuring, relapse
Biomedical approaches and anti-androgens
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“The Paraphilia-Related
Disorders”
Approaches:
“Sexual addiction”?
 12 steps (Carnes)
“Sexual compulsion”?
 Psychotherapy (Coleman)
“Sexual impulse control problem”?
 Medication (Kafka)
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The Darker Side of Sex
Some Statistics
The Research and Theories about Rape
▪ Radical Feminist Theory: aggression
(power and anger)
▪ Psychological Theory: sex
(“narcissistic reactance”)
▪ Research with forensic & non-forensic
samples and their victims
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The Darker Side of Sex
1. The Perpetrator:
The heterogeneity of sexual assault
Prognosis and treatment
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Olson
Ridgway
Bundy
Bernardo
The Darker Side of Sex
2. The Victim
The heterogeneity of
victim prognosis
Dilemmas
1. Report it?
blaming the victim
2. Prevent it?
the issue of consent
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The End!
Concluding Comments
Essays
Final Exam
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