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STANDARD(S):
11.1 Students analyze the significant events in
the founding of the nation.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
1. Describe various Reconstruction plans and
analyze the political consequences of the
plans.
2. Describe how Reconstruction affected life in
the South for white Southerners and former
slaves.
3. Explain the reasons for the end of
Reconstruction.
Section 4
Reconstruction and
Its Effects
After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a
period known as Reconstruction, during which
attempts are made to readmit the South to
the Union.
NEXT
SECTION 4:
RECONSTRUCTION
• The Civil War had ended.
Slavery and secession
were no more. Now
what?
• How does the Union
integrate the South back
into American society?
• How do 4 million newly
freed African slaves
integrate themselves into
society?
1865-1877
Reconstruction and
Its Effects
• After the Civil
War, the nation
embarks on a
period known as
Reconstruction,
during which
attempts are
made to readmit
the South to
the Union.
TH
14
AMENDMENT
• In 1866, Congress
passed the 14th
Amendment which
provided legal
backing to the Civil
Rights Act
• It prevented states
from denying rights
to people based on
race
• This nullified the
Dred Scott decision
SECTION
4
Reconstruction and Its Effects
The Politics of Reconstruction
Building a New South
• Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services,
medical care, education
• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South
into Union (1865–1877)
Continued . . .
NEXT
FREEMEN’S BUREAU
• Congress also passed
the Freemen’s Bureau
Act which provided much
needed aid to African
Americans
• Included in the Act was
money for education,
hospitals, social services,
churches, and help with
labor contracts and
discrimination cases
EDUCATION WAS AN IMPORTANT PART
OF THE BUREAU
THE POLITICS OF
RECONSTRUCTION
• Building a New
South
• Freedmen’s Bureau
provides social
services, medical care,
education
• Reconstruction—
U.S. rebuilds, readmits
South into Union
(1865–1877)
SECTION
4
Reconstruction and Its Effects
The Politics of Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear
allegiance to Union
• Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
- want to destroy political power of former
slaveholders
- want full citizenship and suffrage for African
Americans
Continued . . .
NEXT
LINCOLN’S PLAN
• Lincoln made it clear that he favored a
lenient Reconstruction policy
• His Ten Percent Plan called for a
pardon of all Confederates who would
swear allegiance to Union (oath), a
state would be readmitted into the
Union
• Radical Republicans consider plan
too lenient:
– want to destroy political power of former
slaveholder
– want full citizenship and suffrage for
African Americans
SECTION
4
continued The
Politics of Reconstruction
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own
plan
• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners
• Congress rejects new Southern governments,
congressmen
Continued . . .
NEXT
Johnson’s Plan for
Reconstruction
• After Lincoln’s death, his VP &
successor Andrew Johnson
announced his own plan
• It differed only slightly from
Lincolns:
• He excluded high ranking
Confederates and wealthy planters
from the oath,
• but did pardon 13,000 while
contending that “White men
alone must manage the South”
• Congress rejects new Southern
governments, congressmen
SECTION
4
continued The
Politics of Reconstruction
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s
Bureau Act (1866)
• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to
African Americans
• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into
districts
Continued . . .
NEXT
CONGRESS PLAN
• Congress worked hard to shift the
focus of Reconstruction from the
President to the Congress
Congress overrode Johnson’s
veto of Freedmen’s Bureau
– In 1866, Congress overrode
President Johnson’s veto and
passed
– the Civil Rights Act,
– the Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866)
– passed Fourteenth Amendment
grants full citizenship to African
Americans
– Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides
Confederacy into districts
CHP4:4:A
• A – How did the views of President Lincoln
and Johnson on Reconstruction differ from
the views of the Radical Republicans?
– Lincoln and Johnson favored a lenient
approach to Southerners.
– Radicals: wanted to punish the South severely
and wanted to grant African Americans civil
rights, including voting rights.
Problems
Response
1. Primarily political
“Radical” Republicans
oppose Johnson's
Reconstruction plan;
Congress shifts control of the
Reconstruction process from the
executive branch to the
legislature;
Johnson continues to block
Reconstruction;
Congress impeaches Johnson;
money crises plague the
Grant administration;
economic crisis draw the
attention of voters and politicians
away from Reconstruction;
Hayes makes a political deal
with Southern Democrats
during the national election
of 1876
Reconstruction ends
SECTION
4
continued The
Politics of Reconstruction
Johnson Impeached
• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction;
Senate does not convict
NEXT
JOHNSON IMPEACHED
• Radical Republicans felt
Johnson was blocking
Reconstruction efforts
• Thus, they looked for
grounds to impeach him
• They found grounds when
he fired a cabinet member
in violation of the “Tenure
of Office Act”
• He was impeached, but
not convicted and served
out his term
CHP4:4:A
• B – How did the election of 1866 affect the
process of Reconstruction?
– Republicans gained control of Congress;
– they passed the Reconstruction Act 1867,
which required the states to grant the vote to
African-Americans men.
SECTION
4
continued The
Politics of Reconstruction
U. S. Grant Elected
• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10
African-American votes
• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of
African Americans
NEXT
U. S. Grant Elected 1868
• Civil War hero U.S. Grant ran
as a Republican against
Democratic nominee Horatio
Seymour
• Grant won by a margin of
300,000 in the popular vote
• Grant elected president in
1868; wins 9 of 10 AfricanAmerican votes
• Fifteenth Amendment protects
voting rights of African
Americans
th
15
AMENDMENT
• Soon after Grant’s
election, Congress
passed the 15th
Amendment
• This amendment stated
that no one could be kept
from voting because of
“race, color, or previous
servitude”
• The 15th Amendment was
ratified in 1870
CHP4:4:A
• C – Why was the African-American vote
so important to the Republicans?
– Republicans need the African-American
vote in order to have a voice in the South.
SECTION
4
Reconstructing Society
Conditions in the Postwar South
• By 1870, all former Confederate states have
rejoined Union
• Republican governments begin public works
programs, social services
Continued . . .
NEXT
Conditions in the Postwar South
• By 1870, all
former
Confederate
states have
rejoined Union
• Republican
governments
begin public
works
programs,
social services
MANY SOUTHERN CITIES
SUFFERED EXTENSIVE
DAMAGE
• The South went
through significant
changes after the
war
• The economy was
in ruins and they
lost hundreds of
thousands of
young men
• Republicans now
dominated
politically, but
often with
conflicting goals
SECTION
4
Reconstructing Society
Politics in the Postwar South
• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans,
want to improve position
• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to
the South after the war
• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal
rights for blacks
Continued . . .
NEXT
Politics in the Postwar South
SOUTHERN REPUBLICANS
• 3 groups made up the bulk of
Southern Republicans
CARPETBAGGERS
– 1) Scalawags: These were white
farmers (Small farms) joined
Republican party.
– 2) Carpetbaggers: These were
Northerners who came South in
search of opportunity after the war
– 3) African Americans: Former slaves90% of whom were Republican
• Many Southern whites reject higher
status, equal rights for blacks
SCALAWAGS
RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867
• Congressional Republicans
again joined forces to pass
the Reconstruction Act
• This act voided the state
governments formed in the
South under the
Presidential plans and
instead divided the south
into 5 military districts
• The states were required to
grant black men the right to
vote and to ratify the 14th
Amendment
“First
Vote”
This image depicts an artisan, a
businessman and a soldier standing
in line to cast their first ballot.
Problems
Response
2. Primarily
economic
Southern farms are
ruined, and the
region's population
is devastated;
Republican governments
begin public works
programs to repair the
physical damage and to
provide social services;
the planter class
wants to restore the
plantation system
landowners initiate the
sharecropping system
SECTION
4
continued Reconstructing
Society
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become
community leaders
• Republican governments, church groups found
schools, universities
• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
African Americans in Reconstruction
• Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first
black senator
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another,
keep only part of crops
• Tenant farmers rent land from owner
NEXT
Former Slaves Improve Lives
African Americans in
Reconstruction
• Few black officeholders;
Hiram Revels senator –
Mississippi
14 serve in the House of
Representatives
• African Americans took an
active role in the political
process in the South
• They voted in record
numbers and many ran for
office
• Hiram Revels was the first
black Senator
• Freedmen found own
churches; ministers become
community leaders
• Republican governments,
church groups found
schools, universities
• Thousands move to reunite
with family, find jobs
40 ACRES AND A MULE
• Despite Sherman’s
promise of “40 acres
and a mule” few former
slaves received
anything
• Republicans
considered property to
be a sacred right
• Therefore, most
plantation owners kept
their land
SPIKE LEE’S PRODUCTION
COMPANY IS CALLED 40 ACRES
AND A MULE
Sharecropping and Tenant
Farming
ARKANSAS
SHARECROPPERS
• Without land of their
own, Southern African
Americans could not
grow their own crops
• Thus, many became
sharecroppers– a
system be which
families were given a
small plot of land to
work in exchange for
some of the crops
SHARECROPPING IN THE SOUTH - 1880
CHP4:4:A
• D – Why did scalawags, carpetbaggers,
and African Americans support the
Radicals?
– Scalawags: wanted to prevent wealthy
planters from regaining power.
– Carpetbaggers: saw an opportunity to gain
power, supported equal rights.
– African-Americans: wanted civil rights.
SECTION
4
The Collapse of Reconstruction
The Collapse of Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:
- destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress
African Americans
- to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men,
women, children
• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal
power in South
• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s
Bureau expires
Continued . . .
NEXT
The Collapse of
Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan—southern
vigilante group, wants to:
- destroy Republicans,
aid planter class, repress
African Americans
- to achieve goals, KKK
kills thousand of men,
women, children
• Enforcement Acts of
1870, 1871 uphold
federal power in South
• In 1872, Amnesty Act
passes, Freedmen’s
Bureau expires
•
While some Southern
whites participated in the
new governments, voted
in elections, and
reluctantly accepted
African Americans--others were very
resentful and formed
hate groups
•
Most famous vigilante
group was the Ku Klux
Klan
KU KLUX KLAN
• The Klan was formed by
disgruntled Confederate
soldiers whose goals
included:
– destroying the Republican
Party,
– aiding the planter class,
– and preventing blacks
from integrating into
society
• Estimates range as high
as attributed to the Klan
whose membership
peaked at almost 4
million in the 1920s
Problems
Response
3. Primarily social
African Americans
in the South deal
with freedom;
African Americans move to
towns and cities to find new
work.
Ku Klux Klan
terrorizes
Republicans and
African Americans
They also seek an education,
build churches and schools,
and take an active role in the
political process;
Congress passes a series of
Enforcement Acts
SECTION
4
The Collapse of Reconstruction
Support for Reconstruction Fades
• Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s
attention
• Supreme Court rules against Radical
Republican changes
Continued . . .
NEXT
Support for Reconstruction
Fades
• Republicans
splinter; panic of
1873 distracts
North’s attention
• Supreme Court
rules against
Radical
Republican
changes
•
When Congress passed the Amnesty Act
returning voting rights to 150,000
Confederates and allowed the Freedmen’s
Bureau to expire—it became clear that
Southern Democrats were back in political
control
CHP4:4:A
• E – How did Southern African Americans
respond to their new status?
– African-Americans took an active role in
the political process, voting and holding
office in local, state, and federal
government.
SECTION
4
continued The
Collapse of Reconstruction
Democrats “Redeem” the South
• Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal
ends Reconstruction
NEXT
Democrats “Redeem” the South
• Lack of Republican unity
in the South and an
economic downturn that
diverted attention from
Southern issues, caused
Democrats to regain
control of the South
• Called “Redeemers”
these politicians were
out to reclaim Southern
Culture and tradition
• The Reconstruction Era
was over
• Democrats regain control as 1876 election
deal ends Reconstruction
CHP4:4:A
• F – How did the Southern Democrats
regain political power?
– In 1872, Congress passed the Amnesty Act,
which returned the right to vote and the
right to hold federal and state offices to
former confederates.
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
• One of the important
acts passed by
Congress was the
Civil Rights Act -1866
• This law gave African
Americans citizenship
and forbade states
from passing laws
discriminating against
former slaves (Black
Codes)
FROM HARPER’S MAGAZINE 1866 –
BLACKS CELEBRATE