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The Reformation
3.03 Trace social, political, economic,
and cultural changes associated with
the Renaissance, Reformation, the rise
of nation-states, and absolutism.
Prelude to the Reformation
Prelude to the Reformation
• During the second half of
the fifteenth century,
adherents of Christian
humanism sought to
reform the Catholic
Church.
• They believed that
humans could improve
themselves and thus
improve society.
Prelude to the Reformation
• Desiderius Erasmus
thought that external
forms of medieval
religion such as
pilgrimages, fasts, and
relics were unnecessary
and that inner piety
derived from religious
philosophy was more
important.
Prelude to the Reformation
• Reasons for Reform of the Catholic Church:
– Catholic Popes were more concerned
with politics and material goods than
spiritual guidance.
– Parish priests seemed ignorant of their
spiritual duties.
– An automatic means of obtaining
salvation, such as the collection of relics,
was being presented to the people.
– The use of indulgences was used to
avoid punishment for sin.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther
• Martin Luther was a
monk and professor at
the University of
Wittenberg in Germany.
• He believed that
humans would be saved
by their faith in God and
not by the good works
done in His name.
Martin Luther
• Luther did not want to
break away from the
Church, only to reform
it. He wrote a list of his
grievances, known as
the Ninety-five Theses,
and copies were sent all
over Germany.
Martin Luther
• In 1521, Luther was
excommunicated for
attempting to get German
princes to overthrow the
papacy and establish a
reformed German church.
• The Edict of Worms made
Luther an outlaw, and his
works were banned.
Martin Luther
• Many German princes who
supported Luther confiscated
Church land, and a government
church was established.
• A new religious service which
consisted of reading the Bible,
preaching the word of God, and
songs, became the basis of the
doctrine known as
Lutheranism.
• Lutheranism was the first
Protestant faith.
Politics in the German Reformation
Politics in the German Reformation
• The Holy Roman Empire was
ruled by Charles V who wanted
the empire to remain Catholic.
• The empire included Spain,
Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, the
Low Countries, Milan, and
Naples.
• Problems with the Ottoman
Turks, French rivalry, and the
alliance of the German
kingdoms prevented Charles
from asserting military power
over the Protestant
Reformation in Germany.
Politics in the German Reformation
• In 1555 the Peace of
Augsburg ended the
religious wars by
accepting the
division of
Christianity. German
rulers, but not the
German people,
could choose their
own religion.
John Calvin
John Calvin
• John Calvin was a
Frenchman whose
conversion to
Protestantism forced
him to flee to
Switzerland.
• Calvin believed in an
all-powerful
God and the idea of
predestination.
John Calvin
• Calvin’s ideas led to the
rise of Calvinism which
soon became more
popular than Lutheranism.
• Calvin worked to reform
the city of Geneva,
Switzerland.
• Geneva soon became the
center of Protestant reform
in Europe, and its
missionaries were sent all
over to convert the local
populations.
Reformation in England
Reformation in England
• King Henry VIII of England established
the Church of England when the pope
refused to annul his marriage to
Catherine of Aragon.
• The Act of Supremacy of 1534
declared the king of England the
official head of religious doctrine, with
control over discipline, clerical
appointments, and breaking ties with
the pope.
• Henry’s Church of England was very
similar to Catholicism, although after
his death English officials attempted
to make it more “Protestant”.
Reformation in England
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Reformation in England
• In 1553, Henry’s
daughter, Mary, came
to power and
attempted to restore
Roman Catholicism.
• Her efforts, including
the burning of more
than 300 Protestants,
earned her the
nickname of “Bloody
Mary.”
Anabaptists
Anabaptists
• Anabaptists were Protestant
reformers who did not want to
give power to the state.
• Anabaptists believed:
– Religion should be voluntary;
baptism occurred as an adult.
– All believers were equal; any
member could become a
minister.
– Separation of state and
church; refused to bear arms
or serve in military positions
Anabaptists
• The religious and
political beliefs of the
Anabaptists seemed
radical, and they were
persecuted by
Catholics and
Protestants.
Reformation and Society
Reformation and Society
• With the rise of Protestantism
came the end of celibacy for
Church leaders.
• Women were subservient, and
their roles were obedience to
their husband and to bear
children.
• Protestants expected Jews to
convert to Lutheranism. When
they refused, Protestants such as
Martin Luther wrote that Jewish
synagogues and homes should
be destroyed.
Catholic Reformation
• The Catholic response to the
Protestant Reformation was
a Catholic Reformation.
• A Spanish nobleman named
Ignatius of Loyola founded
the Jesuits, a group who
swore allegiance to the pope.
• Jesuit missionaries were
influential in spreading
Catholicism in Germany and
the rest of the world.
Catholic Reformation
• Pope Paul II led a
reformation of the
papacy, ending corruption
either real or perceived.
• The pope, archbishops,
bishops, and other
theologians met
irregularly at the Council
of Trent to discuss Church
matters and establish
Catholic doctrine.
Vocabulary 1
• Indulgence: a release from all or part of
punishment for sin by the Catholic Church,
reducing time in purgatory after death
Vocabulary 2
• Lutheranism: the religious doctrine that
Martin Luther developed; it differed from
Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which
Luther believed could be achieved by faith
alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was
the first Protestant faith
Vocabulary 3
• Predestination: the belief that God has
determined in advance who will be saved (the
elect) and who will be damned (the
reprobate)
Vocabulary 4
• Annul: declare invalid