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Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Vocabulary
• Delta- a triangular shaped area of soil at the
mouth of a river
• Silt- a mixture of soil and small rock that was
deposited at the banks of the river
• Papyrus- a valuable crop used to make paper
• Cataracts- waterfalls/rapids that break up the
flow of the Nile.
Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Notes
• The Nile River flows from east Africa northward into Egypt
and is the longest river in the world.
• If the Nile flooded too much, crops were destroyed and
people were killed.
• Calendars allowed them to track the number of days between
flooding cycles.
• Egyptians determined the Nile would flood between May and
September.
• The floods were beneficial because it irrigated their crops.
Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Vocabulary
• Unify- to unite, or come together as one
• Pharaoh- title given to the king meaning “great
house”
• Hieroglyphics- form of writing based on pictures
• Pyramid- stone building that served as houses
or tombs for the dead
• Mummy- preserved Egyptian body
• Economy- the way people use and manage
resources
Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Notes
• Historians believe it was either Menes, Scorpion, or Narmer
who unified the two kingdoms of Egypt.
• Egyptians believe in many gods. They worshipped their
pharaohs as gods and built pyramids to serve as palaces for
when they died.
• The discovery of the Rosetta Stone led to the ability to decode
hieroglyphics.
• While the Nile flooded their fields, Egyptian farmers helped to
build the Great Pyramid.
More Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Notes
• Manetho was an important person in Egyptian history because he
was the first to keep written records.
• Egyptians and Sumerians were similar. Both developed a form of
writing, worshipped many gods, and granted some rights to
women.
• A difference between the two civilizations is that in Egypt some
women may have been scribes and merchants.
• When Egyptian pharaohs’ bodies were prepared for the afterlife all
organs except the heart were removed. It was rubbed with oils and
wrapped with bandages. They believed the pharaoh needed a wellpreserved body for the afterlife.
More Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Notes
During the Middle Kingdom:
• Egypt grew due to improvements in transportation and
trade. As trade grew, the economy became more
prosperous.
• Pharaohs began ruling with their sons or wives. This
ensured the family would remain in power longer.
• Egypt developed a social class structure. 1- pharaoh, 2nobles and priests, 3- merchants, craftspeople, and
scribes, 4- farmers and unskilled workers, 5- slaves.
Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Notes
• Independent- free
• Unlike Egypt, the land in Nubia had many tall cliffs of
granite rock. The Egyptians wanted the granite to use
in building their temples.
• The Egyptians knew about the Nubians before Egypt
was unified.
• Nubians borrowed from and shared with the Egyptian
culture. They also worshipped many gods.
More Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Notes
• The Nubian kingdom of Kush was affected by the
invasion of Egypt:
- The Egyptians destroyed their capital at Napata.
- The Kushites founded a new capital in Meroe,
where trade flourished.
- Eventually Egyptian influence on Kush faded.