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Egypt Notes page Geography Nile River – 4,100 miles long, flows northward longest river in the world Floods REGULARLY in July leaving behind rich soil. Forbidding deserts on either side of the Nile = natural barriers Ancient Greek historian Herodotus called Egypt “the gift of the Nile.” Environmental Challenges Nile flooded too low Nile flooded too high Vast deserts on either side of the Nile Ancient Egyptians’ solution They created machines to raise the water from the Nile to the fields They built dams around cities and dikes on the side of the river to keep flood water out of certain areas. The Egyptians used the Nile to travel down to the Mediterranean and up to the first cataract to trade. The deserts protected the Egyptians from invasion. Transportation on the Nile Nile provided a reliable system of transportation. flows north - northbound boats drifted with current wind blows south - boats hoist their sails and wind blows them up river. Upper and Lower Egypt south portion, Upper Egypt, is higher in elevation north portion, Lower Egypt, is lower and marshier Egypt Unites Upper Egypt & Lower Egypt were united by around 3000 BCE, probably by a king named Narmer. He: o Established a capital, Memphis o Established first Egyptian Dynasty Egyptian kings called pharaohs Egyptians viewed their pharaohs as gods Pharaohs were the head of Egypt’s religion as well as the government and army o Egyptian Government was a Theocracy - a type of government in which rule is based on religious authority. Trade •Traded with Mesopotamia, around the Mediterranean and up and down the Nile –gold. ivory, cattle, granite blocks Egyptian Religion Polytheistic (worships many gods) o Egyptians worshiped more than 2,000+ gods and goddesses o Built huge temples to honor gods o Believed in an afterlife (life continued after death) Social Organization o Egyptians were not locked into their social classes o High degree of unity o Stability o Cultural continuity Women Held many of the same rights as men Wealthy or middle class women could own and trade property Women could propose marriage or seek divorce Intellectual The earliest form of writing was pictographs, then developed a more flexible system called hieroglyphics developed papyrus, a paper-like substance made from reeds. developed calendar, developed written numbers, Egyptian medicine was famous in the ancient world History three major periods known as the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms periods known for peace, productivity and long-term stability Intermediate periods were known for political chaos and invasion The Old Kingdom (2700 - 2200 B.C.E.) greatest and largest pyramids built title of pharaoh given to leader The Middle Kingdom (2050 - 1652 B.C.E.) followed a 150 year period of chaos marked by expansion of the empire Public works projects replaced pyramids and idol construction The New Kingdom (1567 - 1085 B.C.E.) period of military expansion and construction