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THYROID PHYSIOLOGY
Jack L. Leonard, Ph.D.
office: S4-100L2B
phone: X66687
email: [email protected]
http://users.umassmed.edu/jack.leonard
THE THYROID GLAND
www.univ-st-etienne.fr/lbti/Mednucl/AtlasEnd/thyroide/
THYROID GLAND HISTOLOGY
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/thyroid/anatomy.html
THYROID FOLLICULAR
CELL MORPHOLOGY
THYROID HORMONES
OH
OH
I
I
I
I
I
O
O
NH2
I
O
OH
Thyroxine (T4)
NH2
I
O
OH
3,5,3’-Triiodothyronine (T3)
FEEDBACK REGULATION
THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS
Hormones derived from the pituitary that regulate
the synthesis and/or secretion of other hormones
are known as trophic hormones.
Key players for the thyroid include:
TRH - Thyrophin Releasing Hormone
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
T4/T3 - Thyroid hormones
PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS
–
–
+
HM Goodman, BASIC MEDICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 3rd Ed.
PITUITARY-THYROTROPE CELL
HM Goodman, BASIC MEDICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 3rd Ed.
TSH REGULATION OF
THYROID FUNCTION
• TSH binds to specific cell surface receptors
that stimulate adenylate cyclase to produce
cAMP.
• TSH increases metabolic activity that is
required to synthesize Thyroglobulin (Tg)
and generate peroxide.
• TSH stimulates both I- uptake and
iodination of tyrosine resides on Tg.
ION TRANSPORT BY THE
THYROID FOLLICULAR CELL
ClO4-, SCNBLOOD
I-
I-
organification
NaI symporter (NIS)
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)
COLLOID
Propylthiouracil (PTU)
blocks iodination of
thyroglobulin
THYROGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN THE
THYROID FOLLICULAR CELL
Iodination of
Tyr residues of Tg
COLLOID
TSH
TSH receptor
TPO
THYROID HORMONE SECRETION BY THE
THYROID FOLLICULAR CELL
T4
T3
COLLOID
DIT
MIT
TSH
TSH receptor
I-
THYROID HORMONES IN THE BLOOD
• Approximately 99.98% of T4 is bound to 3
serum proteins: Thyroid binding globulin
(TBG) ~75%; Thyroid binding prealbumin
(TBPA or transthyretin) 15-20%; albumin
~5-10%
• Only ~0.02% of the total T4 in blood is
unbound or free.
• Only ~0.4% of total T3 in blood is free.
THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM
“Step up”
“Step down”
T4
R
R
T3
rT3
R
3,3’-T2
R=
THYROID HORMONE
DEIODINASES
• Three deiodinases (D1, D2 & D3) catalyze the
generation and/disposal of bioactive thyroid
hormone.
• D1 & D2 “bioactivate” thyroid hormone by
removing a single “outer-ring” iodine atom.
• D3 “inactivates” thyroid hormone by removing
a single “inner-ring”iodine atom.
• All family members contain the novel amino
acid selenocysteine (SeC) in their catalytic
center.
BASIC ORGANIZATION OF THE
SELENODEIODINASES
extracellular domain
NH2
intracellular domain
COOH
EXISTS AS A
DIMER
BASICS OF THYROID HORMONE
ACTION IN THE CELL
STEROID/THYROID HORMONE
FAMILY OF NUCLEAR RECEPTORS
SPECIFIC ACTIONS OF THYROID
HORMONE: METABOLIC
• Regulates of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
• Increases oxygen consumption in most
target tissues.
• Permissive actions: TH increases
sensitivity of target tissues to
catecholamines, thereby elevating lipolysis,
glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.
SPECIFIC ACTIONS OF THYROID
HORMONE: DEVELOPMENT
• TH is critical for normal development of the
skeletal system and musculature.
• TH is also essential for normal brain development
and regulates synaptogenesis, neuronal
integration, myelination and cell migration.
• Cretinism is the term for the constellation of
defects resulting from untreated neonatal
hypothyroidism.
EXAMPLES OF THYROID DISEASES
1° Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
www.hsc.missouri.edu/~daveg/thyroid/thy_dis.html
EXAMPLES OF THYROID DISEASES
Juvenile Hypothyroidism
Congenital Hypothyroidism
www.hsc.missouri.edu/~daveg/thyroid/thy_dis.html