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Psyc 552 Ergonomics & Biomechanics Lecture 3 Anatomy & Work Evaluation Primary tool of ergonomists is surface anatomy. The objective is to visualize the structures below the skin. Anatomical Position Standing erect Head, eyes, & toes forward Heels and toes together Upper limbs handing by side Palms facing anteriorly. Anatomical Planes Median… Sagittal… Coronal… Horizontal, transverse, axial… Image from http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1023.html Directional Terms Superior… Inferior… Anterior… Posterior… Directional Terms (cont) Medial… Lateral… Proximal… Distal… Directional Terms Superficial… Ipsilateral… Deep… Contralateral… Parietal… Visceral… Describing Movement Flexion… Extension… Hyperextension… Abduction… Describing Movement (cont) Abduction… Adduction… Opposition… Protraction… Describing Movement (cont) Retraction… Elevation… Depression… Circumduction… Describing Movement (cont) Rotation… Medial rotation… Lateral rotation… Describing Movement (cont) Eversion of the foot… Inversion of the foot… Connective tissue Bones, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and cartilage are all connective tissue. Connective tissue provides… Bones Osteology – (osteon = bone; logos = study) can be considered bone or tissue. Divided into two groups… Long bones Shaft / Diaphysis Head / Epiphyses Image from http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/appendskellab/head.jpg Bone Physiology Cortical bone – compact bone Cancellous bone – trabecular bone Bone Architecture Bone structure varies according to its function Long bones – are rigid Tubercles and tuberosities and ridges and crests increase rigidity Bone Architecture (cont) Bone elasticity results from organic matter Rigidity results from lamella… Image from http://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/large/atlas/image/b11/20a3.htm Bone Architecture (cont) Spongy bone… Image from http://cellbio.utmb.edu/microanatomy/bone/spongy_bone_histology.htm Factors affecting bones… The Spine 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar Image fromhttp://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1286.html Lordosis Concave anteriorly convex posteriorly Kyphosis Convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly Image from http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1277.html Joints Arthrology (arthros = joints; logos = study) Types Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Synovial Fibrous Joints Image from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/manphys/joints.htm Cartilaginous Joints Image from http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/manphys/joints.htm Synovial Joints Image from http://moon.ouhsc.edu/dthompso/namics/joints.HTM#synovial Synovial Joints (cont)… Joint Lubrication Boundary lubrication… Squeeze film lubrication Joint Movements Limited by Tension of ligaments & muscles Tension of antagonist muscle Greatest means of increasing joint flexibility is to increase muscle length. Types of cartilage Hyaline… Fibrocartilage… Elastic cartilage… Factors Affecting Cartilage…