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DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY
Introduction to
Clinically
Oriented
Anatomy
Dr Raj
Introduction to Clinically Oriented
Anatomy
• Anatomy is the study of the structure of the
body.
• Anatomy includes those structures that can be
seen grossly (without the aid of magnification)
and microscopically (with the aid of
magnification).
• Microscopic anatomy, also called 'histology', is
the study of cells and tissues using a
microscope.
How can gross anatomy be studied?
• Anatomy can be studied following either a
regional or a systemic approach.
• Regional approach: each region of the body is
studied separately and all aspects of that region
are studied at the same time.
• Systemic approach: each system of the body is
studied and followed throughout the entire body.
• Each of these approaches has benefits and
deficiencies. The regional approach works very
well if the anatomy course involves cadaver
dissection.
Anatomical Position
• The anatomical position is the standard
reference position of the body used to
describe the location of structures.
• The body is in the anatomical position when
standing upright with feet together, hands by
the side and face looking forward.
• The mouth is closed and the facial expression
is neutral.
Anatomical Planes
• Three major groups of planes pass through the
body in the anatomical position.
• 1. Coronal planes :oriented vertically and divide the
body into anterior and posterior parts.
• 2. Sagittal planes :oriented vertically, but are at
right angles to the coronal planes and divide the
body into right and left parts.
• 3. Transverse, horizontal, or axial planes divide the
body into superior and inferior parts.
Brain and different planes
CT Scan
Supine position and Prone position
• The supine
position is a
position of
the body: lying
down with
the face up.
• Prone position is a
position of
the body lying face
down.
Ipsilateral/Contralateral
• Ipsilateral refers to a part or
parts on the same side of
the body.
• The illustration shows the
ipsilateral shoulder and hip.
• Contralateral describes a
part or parts on the
opposite sides of the body
from each other.
• The illustration shows, the
contralateral hip and knee.
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
1.Anterior (ventral)
and posterior
(dorsal), medial and
lateral, superior and
inferior.
2. Proximal and distal,
cranial and caudal,
rostral.
3.Superficial and deep.
Terms of movement
• These terms describe movements of the limbs
and other parts of the body; the movements
take place at joints, where two or more bones
or cartilages articulate with one another.
Flexion and Extension
Abduction and Adduction
Pronation and Supination
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
Eversion and Inversion
Elevation and Depression
Protrusion and Retrusion
Basic Structures
• 1. Skin
7. Lymphatic System
• 2. Fascia
8. Nervous System
a. superficial fascia
b. Deep fascia
• 3. Muscle
• 4.Bone
• 5. Joints
• 6. Blood Vessels
Skin
• The skin is divided
into two parts: the
superficial part,
the epidermis, and
the deep part, the
dermis.
Fasciae
• Superficial fascia, or
subcutaneous tissue:
Mixture of loose areolar
and adipose tissue that
unites the dermis of the
skin to the underlying
deep fascia
Deep fascia
• Membranous layer of connective tissue that
invests the muscles and other deep structures.
Muscle
•
•
•
•
Three types of muscle
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
• The attachment
that moves the
least is referred
to as the origin,
and the one that
moves the most,
the insertion.
Joints
• A site where two or more bones come together,
whether or not movement occurs between them,
is called a joint.
• 1. Fibrous Joints: bones are joined by fibrous
tissue.
• 2. Cartilaginous Joints: bones are united by a
plate or bar of hyaline cartilage.
• 3. Synovial Joints: Most common type of joint,
provide free movement between the bones they
join; they are joints of locomotion.
Fibrous Joint and Cartilaginous Joint
Synovial joints
• The six major types of synovial joints are
classified according to the shape of the
articulating surfaces and/or the type of
movement they permit.
• 1. Plane joints 4. Condyloid joints
• 2. Hinge joints 5. Ball and socket joints
• 3. Pivot joints
6. Saddle joints
Lymphatic System
• Lymph is the name
given to tissue fluid
once it has entered a
lymphatic vessel.
• 1. Lymphatic vessels
• 2. Lymph node
• 3. Lymphatic ducts
Lymphatic System
The thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct and their main tributaries.
Metastasis
• Metastasis, is the spread of
a cancer from one organ or
part to another nonadjacent organ or part.
• When tumor cells
metastasize, the new tumor
is called a
secondary or metastatic tu
mor, and its cells are similar
to those in the original
tumor.
Routes of metastasis
• Lymphatic spread:
This is the most
common route of
metastasis for
carcinomas.
• Haematogenous
spread: This is
typical route of
metastasis for
sarcomas.
Nervous System
• Nervous tissue consists of two main cell types:
neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (glial
cells), which support the neurons.
The nervous system is divided
• Structurally into the central
nervous system (CNS) and
peripheral nervous system (PNS).
• Functionally into the somatic
nervous system (SNS) and
autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Cranial Nerves
• There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that leave
the brain and pass through foramina in the
skull.
• All the nerves are distributed in the head and
neck except the Xth (vagus), which also
supplies structures in the thorax and
abdomen.
Spinal Nerves
• A total of 31 pairs of spinal
nerves leave the spinal cord
and pass through
intervertebral foramina in
the vertebral column.
• 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5
lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1
coccygeal.
Spinal nerve(anterior and posterior
rami)
• On emerging from the foramen, the spinal
nerve divides into a large anterior ramus and a
smaller posterior ramus.
• Posterior ramus passes posteriorly around the
vertebral column to supply the muscles and
skin of the back.
• Anterior ramus continues anteriorly to supply
the muscles and skin over the anterolateral
body wall and all the muscles and skin of the
limbs.
Spinal nerve
Plexuses
• A nerve plexus is a network of
intersecting nerves.
• Except for the ventral rami of Th2-Th12 nerves.
• At the root of the limbs, the anterior rami join
one another to form complicated nerve plexuses.
• The cervical and brachial plexuses are found at
the root of the upper limbs, and the lumbar and
sacral plexuses are found at the root of the lower
limbs.
Autonomic Nervous System
• 2 divisions:
– Sympathetic
• “Fight or flight”
• “E” division
– Exercise, excitement,
emergency, and
embarrassment
– Parasympathetic
• “Rest and digest”
• “D” division
– Digestion, defecation,
and diuresis