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Ch.11, Sec.1- Jefferson as
President
Jefferson in Office
• Jefferson lowered military spending,
reducing the size of the army to about
3,200 troops. The navy was cut to 7 active
ships. Jefferson and Albert Gallatin, the
secretary of the treasury, hoped that the
money saved would allow the government
to repay the national debt. Jefferson also
asked Gallatin to find ways to get rid of
domestic taxes, like the tax on whiskey.
Marbury v. Madison
• Early in 1801, before Jefferson took office, Federalists in
Congress passed a new law that created many new
judgeships and other court offices. Before his term
ended, President John Adams had appointed dozens of
Federalists to fill these positions. Jefferson accused
Adams of filling these positions “till 9 o’clock of the night,
at 12 o’clock of which he was to go out of office. Other
Republicans called the people chosen by Adams
midnight judges.
• When Jefferson entered office on March 4, 1801, some
Federalists chosen by Adams had not yet received their
special commissions. Without these forms they could not
begin working as judges. Jefferson took advantage of
this and ordered Secretary of State James Madison not
to give out the papers.
Marbury v. Madison cont.
• William Marbury demanded that the Supreme Court
force the executive branch to hand over his commission.
This had never been done before, but he claimed the
Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the right
to do so.
• The chief justice of the U.S. was John Marshall, a
Federalist appointed by Adams. Since Marshall and
Jefferson disagreed on many political issues, Jefferson
protested Marshall hearing the case.
• The Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison
surprised many people. All the justices agreed that
Marbury had been treated unfairly, but did the Supreme
Court have the power to force Madison to give Marbury
his commission? The Judiciary Act of 1789 said the
Court did, but Chief Justice Marshall said the Court did
not.
Marbury v. Madison cont.
• He did not think that the Constitution allowed
Congress to give the Supreme Court new
powers. He believed the Judiciary Act of 1789
was unconstitutional and had wrongly given the
Court that power. Therefore, the Supreme Court
did not have the power to force the federal
government to give Marbury his commission.
• Marshall’s ruling established the power of
judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court
to declare an act of Congress to be
unconstitutional.
Sec.2- The Louisiana Purchase
French Louisiana
• Napoleon Bonaparte dreamed of rebuilding France’s
empire in North America. He wanted to first send troops
to Louisiana. Standing in the way of his plan was the
former French colony of St. Dominique (Haiti). Enslaved
Africans had gained their freedom by taking over the
colony in the 1790s, and former slave ToussaintLouverture ruled the island. Before sending troops to
Louisiana, Napoleon needed to take back the island to
use as a supply base. However, Toussaint’s troops
defeated the French forces sent to recapture St.
Dominique in 1802, which kept Napoleon from sending
troops to Louisiana.
The Louisiana Purchase
• President Jefferson wanted to keep the French from
controlling New Orleans, but he did not want to start a
war. Jefferson told Robert Livingston and James Monroe
to try to buy New Orleans and West Florida. They met
with Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, to discuss
the offer. Talleyrand said that without New Orleans, the
rest of Louisiana would be of little value to France. Then
he asked what the U.S. would “give for the whole”. This
shocked the Americans.
• The reasons Napoleon was willing to sell Louisiana
were: 1. France was about to go to war with Great Britain
and they did not want to fight them and the Americans at
once, 2. The French had no troops in Louisiana and
needed supplies for the armies in Europe, 3. If the U.S.
owned Louisiana, it could challenge Britain’s power in
North America.
The Louisiana Purchase cont.
• Livingston and Monroe wanted to act quickly, but
Congress only authorized them to offer $10 million and
the French wanted $15 million. They signed a treaty of
purchase on May 2, 1803. Jefferson did not believe the
Constitution allowed him to buy the territory, but
Livingston and Monroe feared they might take back their
offer, so they pushed him to act quickly. He agreed to the
purchase on October 20, 1803, and the Senate
approved, saying it was best for the country. The
Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the U.S.,
stretching west from the Mississippi River to the Rocky
Mountains.
Mission of Discovery
• Jefferson wanted to learn more about the
people, land and rivers of the West, and wanted
to see if their was a river route that could be
taken to the Pacific Ocean. In January 1803, the
president asked Congress to fund a small
western expedition, and he chose Meriwether
Lewis to lead it. Lewis chose William Clark to be
the co-leader. Jefferson wanted them to explore
the Missouri River and form peaceful relations
with American Indians they met.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• They set out from St. Louis. Lewis used
interpreters to tell them the U.S. now owned the
land on which the Indians lived. Sacagawea’s
husband offered to guide the expedition across
the Great Plains. Lewis and Clark kept journals
describing the people, places, and animals they
encountered. They ended their journey in St.
Louis in September 1806. They did not find a
river route to the Pacific Ocean, but they
established contact with many American Indian
groups. They also collected many plants and
animals.
Pike’s Exploration
• Zebulon Pike was ordered to find the
starting point of the Red River in Louisiana
and Texas. The U.S. considered it to be a
part of the Louisiana Purchase. Although
he went into Spanish held lands, he
continued exploring. He followed the river
until a Spanish cavalry arrested him. They
believed he was a spy and put him in jail.
When he was released, he returned to the
U.S. and reported on his trip.
Sec.3- The Coming of War
A Trade War
• The practice of pressing, or forcing, people to serve in
the army or navy was called impressment. Sometimes
U.S. citizens suffered impressment by accident.
• This was a violation of U.S. neutrality, leading some
Americans to want to go to war, and some to favor an
embargo, or the banning of trade, against Britain.
• Jefferson and the Republicans favored an embargo, so
Congress passed the Embargo Act in December 1807,
which banned trade with foreign countries. Congress
hoped to punish Britain and France and to protect
American ships from capture, but instead it hurt
American merchants the most. Without trade, they lost a
lot of money, especially in the New England states and
New York.
A Trade War cont.
• The popularity of the Federalist Party rose, and
Jefferson’s support fell as the embargo continued. By
December 1808 Jefferson had received 199 petitions
asking him to repeal the Embargo Act. The act was
having little effect on Britain and France, and American
merchants were smuggling goods to Europe.
• Congress replaced the unpopular law with the NonIntercourse Act in 1809, which banned trade only with
Britain, France, and their colonies. It also stated that the
U.S. would start trading with the first side that stopped
violating U.S. neutrality.
The Rise of Tecumseh
• In the early 1800s, thousands of American
settlers were entering the Northwest Territory.
The U.S. had gained control of this land through
the Treaty of Greenville, but most of the Indians
were upset because they had not agreed to this
treaty. The British government gave military aid
to American Indian nations in the Northwest
Territory.
• Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, hoped to unite the
American Indians of the Northwest Territory, the
South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley.
War on the Frontier
• William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana
Territory, believed that Tecumseh was a serious threat to
American power. Tecumseh met with Harrison in 1810,
which the governor urged Tecumseh to follow the
treaties that had been signed. Tecumseh told him that no
single chief could sell land belonging to all American
Indians. In response, Harrison warned Tecumseh not to
resist the U.S.
• Tecumseh then traveled south to ask the Creeks to join
his forces. While he was gone, Harrison attacked. The
Battle of Tippecanoe began when Prophet, Tecumseh’s
brother, ordered an attack on Harrison’s camp on
November 7, 1811. Harrison’s soldiers forced the
American Indian forces to retreat and destroyed
Tecumseh’s village, leading to Tecumseh losing most of
his support.
The War Debate
• Many Americans believed that Britain had
encouraged Tecumseh to attack settlers in
the West. The War Hawks were members
of Congress who favored war against
Great Britain.
A Declaration of War
• When James Madison was president, he faced a
lot of pressure to go to war with Great Britain
from the War Hawks. He decided to let
Congress decide. Representatives in southern
and western states voted for war. Even though
representatives of Delaware, the New England
states, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania
votes for peace, the War Hawks won. This was
the first time in U.S. history Congress declared
war.
Sec.4- The War of 1812
The War at Sea
• When the War of 1812 began, the British navy had
hundreds of ships stationed around the world that could
not be called away to fight the U.S. The U.S. Navy had
fewer than 20, but they had privateers and well-trained
sailors. Plus the U.S. had new warships like the
Constitution that carried more cannons than the British
ships. These victories raised American morale and led
the British to bring more ships to the American coast.
The forces were too large for the U.S. forces to fight, and
they began capturing American merchant ships and
blockaded American seaports.
The Canadian Border
• American leaders planned to invade Canada with 3
separate armies. In July 1812, the British joined with
American Indians led by Tecumseh to defeat an
American army and capture Fort Detroit.
• In April 1813 U.S. troops burned the Canadian capital,
York. The Battle of Lake Erie soon followed on
September 10, 1813. The battle lasted more than 3
hours, and both sides suffered heavy casualties, but the
British surrendered. The American in charge at this battle
was Captain Oliver Hazard Perry.
The Frontier War
• In the Battle of the Thames in October 1813, Harrison
ordered a cavalry charge into the British forces, breaking
them apart. The Indians, led by Tecumseh, continued to
fight. After Tecumseh was killed, the Indians surrendered
shortly after. This battle secured the U.S. border with
Canada.
• The Creek Indians, led by Chief Red Eagle, destroyed
Fort Mims in present-day Alabama, killing 250 of the
fort’s defenders. Andrew Jackson then led his forces to
fight the Creek.
• The Battle of Horseshoe Bend led Red Eagle to
surrender to Jackson. This ended the Creek War and led
to a treaty that forced the Creek to give up millions of
acres of land.
The British on the Offensive
• Having defeated France in April 1814, the British sent
more troops to America. The British then wanted to
attack the capital. Madison and most of the cabinet had
to leave the capital, and the British set the White House
and other government buildings on fire. They said they
burned our capital since we burned York, the British
capital of Canada.
• The British then sailed to Baltimore, Maryland, which
was guarded by Fort McHenry. The British attacked the
fort for 25 hours, but the Americans refused to surrender,
leading to the British retreating.
The Battle of New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson was in command of the U.S. forces
around New Orleans. British troops came to within 7
miles of the city, and Jackson ordered his troops to make
a stand. They constructed a wall of dirt and logs and
waited on the British to attack.
• The Battle of New Orleans began on January 8, 1815.
5,300 British troops attacked 4,500 American troops. The
British troops marched toward the city in thick fog. As
they arrived near the city, the fog cleared, and they were
in the open and being fired on heavily. By the time the
battle ended, more than 2,000 British soldiers were killed
or wounded versus the Americans 70.
Ending the War
• The Treaty of Ghent was signed in
Belgium on December 24, 1814, before
the Battle of New Orleans. After months of
negotiations, both sides agreed to end the
war and return the territory each had
conquered.