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The Republican Victory Section 1 – 298-301 • Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated as the third President of the United States in 1801. – The Republicans had also won control of both houses of Congress. • The Federalists were no longer in control, but… – With the changing of the parties, Americans saw that the country could change its political leadership peacefully. • Jefferson would have Congressional support for many of his plans. Jefferson in Office • First, Jefferson created his cabinet: – James Madison = Secretary of State – Albert Gallatin = Secretary of the Treasury • Jefferson and Gallatin reduced the size of the army and the navy. – They hoped that the money saved could be put towards paying down the national debt. • Gallatin was ordered by Jefferson to end domestic taxes like the Whiskey Tax. – Also, close the agencies that collected the domestic taxes that were being ended. Marbury v. Madison • Just before Jefferson took office, John Adams and the Federalist controlled Congress appointed many Federalists to become federal judges. – When Jefferson entered office, some Federalists had not yet received their official paperwork stating that they were judges. • Jefferson ordered Madison to not give out the paperwork. • William Marbury (Federalist) did not receive his papers, and he asked the Supreme Court to intervene. • Marbury wanted the Supreme Court to order the Executive Branch to hand over the papers. Marbury v. Madison • The Supreme Court heard the case and decided: – That Marbury had been treated unfairly. – However; the S.C. Justices felt that Congress and the Constitution had not given the S.C. the power to order the Executive Branch to hand over the papers. • The Judiciary Act of 1789 said that the S.C. did have the power. – The S.C. felt that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. Marbury v. Madison • The S.C.’s decision in this case established the power of Judicial Review = The S.C. is allowed to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional and the law is no longer in force. – Judicial Review greatly increased the S.C.’s legal authority and made it a stronger branch of the federal government. French Louisiana Section 2 – 302-307 • In 1800, France was led by French General Napoleon Bonaparte. – He wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America, but first he had to gain control of the island of Hispaniola (Present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic). • Hispaniola would be a supply base for the French military. French Louisiana • Enslaved Africans led an uprising and took over Hispaniola from the French in 1790. – They were led by escaped slave, Toussaint-Louverture • In 1802, Napoleon’s troops were defeated on Hispaniola by Louverture’s army. • Jefferson worried that if the French did eventually gain control of Hispaniola, they may also be able to block U.S. westward expansion. The Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson knew that New Orleans was the “hub” for U.S. expansion because it controlled all major shipping on the Mississippi River. – He asked the U.S. ambassador to France to contact the French government about purchasing New Orleans and West Florida. • Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana. – France was about to go to war with Great Britain and Napoleon needed money for his European armies. The Louisiana Purchase • The French offered a price of $15 million for the Louisiana Territory and Jefferson accepted. – Jefferson felt that the Constitution did not give him the right to make the purchase, but he felt he was acting in the best interest of the U.S. – The region stretched west from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. • 830,000 square miles and covers 14 current U.S. states. Mission of Discovery • Jefferson wanted information about the land the U.S. had just purchased. He specifically wanted to know about: – The native peoples, soil, animals, plants, and minerals. – He also wanted to know if there was an all-water river route to the Pacific Ocean. – Jefferson chose former army captain Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition in the LA Territory. • Lewis chose army lieutenant William Clark to be coleader. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • In May 1804, Lewis, Clark, and a small group of carefully selected and skilled frontiersman set out from St. Louis, Missouri. – This group of explorers is known as The Corps of Discovery. – They travelled north up the Missouri River on a custom-built boat called a keelboat. • Early in the trip, the group met many American Indian tribes, among which was a Shoshone woman and her French husband. – Sacagawea and her husband, helped guide The Corps of Discovery. – She also acted as an interpreter and peacemaker. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • The expedition travelled up the Missouri River, hiked up and over the Rocky Mountains and floated down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. – They arrived at the Pacific Ocean in November 1805, and built a small camp which they named Fort Clatsop after the neighboring Clatsop Indians. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • In March 1806, the Corps of Discovery headed home. – They arrived in St. Louis in September 1806. • The Corps of Discovery travelled just over 8,000 miles in 2 ½ years. – Only one member of the group died, and he died of a heart attack. – Clark was a cartographer(map maker) who mapped the trip and measured the distance travelled. • Today’s satellite navigation shows that Clark’s measurement on the distance travelled was off by only 40 miles. Pike’s Exploration • In 1806, young army officer Zebulon Pike was sent on a mission to: – Find the headwaters of the Red River. • The Red River runs through Louisiana and part of Texas and was considered part of the Louisiana Territory. – Spy on Spanish outposts in the Southwest. Pike’s Exploration • Pike led his expedition to the Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado. – While there he tried unsuccessfully to climb the mountain that today is known as Pikes Peak, 14,000+ feet high. • Then he headed south into present-day New Mexico where the Spanish arrested him and accused him of being a spy. He denied the accusation. – Eventually he was released and returned to the U.S. to report his findings. Danger on the High Seas Section 3 – 308-313 • In 1803, Great Britain and France went to war. – Both countries wanted to stop U.S. ships from delivering to their enemy much needed supplies. • Both countries passed laws which allowed their navies and privateers to capture ships that were supplying the enemy. – Unfortunately, the majority of those ships belonged to U.S. businesses. – Many U.S. ships and tons of cargo was captured. » If the British captured a U.S. ship, they sometimes forced the sailors to serve on their warships. This is known as Impressment. Danger on the High Seas • In 1807, impressment made national news and created widespread resentment towards Britain. – The HMS Leopard stopped the USS Chesapeake and tried to remove 4 sailors. • The captain of the Chesapeake refused to hand them over, so the Leopard opened fire and took the sailors by force. A Trade War • Many Americans favored going to war with Britain while others favored an embargo = the banning of trade with Britain. – Jefferson and the Republicans favored an embargo and in 1807 passed the Embargo Act = the law that banned trade with foreign countries. • The New England states were hit hard by the Embargo Act because most of their profits came from trade with foreign countries. • U.S. businesses eventually ignored the law and smuggled goods to foreign countries. • Great Britain and France were not affected by the law, and Jefferson’s popularity fell. The Rise of Tecumseh • In the early 1800s, thousands of American settlers were entering the Northwest Territory. – Because of the Treaty of Greenville, many American Indian tribes were forced to give up their lands. – Great Britain wanted to slow U.S. westward expansion, but didn’t want to go to war with the U.S. • The British government gave military aid to Indian tribes living in the NW Territory. • Tecumseh was a powerful Indian leader who wanted to organize NW Territory tribes against the U.S. settlers. War on the Frontier • William Henry Harrison – Governor of the Indiana Territory felt that Tecumseh was a threat to U.S. power. – He met with Tecumseh and reminded him of his obligation to follow the treaties. • Tecumseh said that the treaties were not valid because no single chief could sell land belonging to all Indians and the Indians were on the land first. – Harrison warned Tecumseh not to “mess with the U.S.” War on the Frontier • Tecumseh left his tribe to travel south to make an alliance with southern tribes. – While he was gone, Harrison raised an army and marched to Tecumseh’s tribal settlement. • In November of 1811, Harrison’s army and Tecumseh’s tribe fought an all-day battle at the Battle of Tippecanoe. – The American Indians were defeated and their village was destroyed. The War Debate • The frontier fighting had angered many Americans who felt that Britain was encouraging the Indians to attack settlers. – This was seen as an insult to U.S. authority and the War Hawks wanted to go to war with Britain. • War Hawks = members of Congress who favored war with Britain. – Typically members of Congress that represented Southern and Western states were War Hawks, whereas New England representatives wanted peace so that they could resume trade. A Declaration of War • In 1808, Republican James Madison was elected President. – He faced rising pressure from the effects of the Embargo Act and from the War Hawks. – He also felt that because Britain was violating U.S. neutrality by seizing U.S. ships and through impressment, Britain was at war with the U.S. – Madison asked Congress to decide how the U.S. should react. • Congress voted for war with Great Britain. – Madison would become commander and chief during the War of 1812. The War at Sea Section 4 – 314-319 • In August of 1812, the USS Constitution faced off against the HMS Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia. – The Constitution won the battle in part because the hull of the ship was sheathed in copper. • Since British cannonballs had bounced harmlessly off her hull, she was nicknamed “Old Ironsides.” The War at Sea • When the war of 1812 began, the British navy had hundreds of ships stationed around the world whereas the U.S. had less than 20 ships total. – To even the odds, the U.S. government hired privateer ships which were very successful in capturing and/or sinking hundreds of British ships. • The British responded by sending a large naval force which patrolled the East coast from Maine to Georgia. – The British naval blockade greatly reduced the U.S.’s ability to trade. The Canadian Border • Early navy victories went to the U.S., so the government wanted to capitalize on those successes by invading Canada. – In July 1812, the British joined with American Indians led by Tecumseh, to defeat an American army and capture Fort Detroit. – By the end of 1812, the British controlled all of the Great Lakes region. The Canadian Border • In April of 1813, the U.S. struck back. – The U.S. needed to break Britain’s control of Lake Erie. • Captain Oliver Hazard Perry was tasked with accomplishing that mission. – He built a small fleet and fought the British at the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813. » Both sides took heavy casualties, and the Americans won the battle. The Frontier War • The U.S. Army took advantage of Perry’s victory by pursuing the British and their Indian allies into Canada. – In October 1813, General Harrison’s army fought the British and Tecumseh’s Indian forces in southern Canada at the Battle of the Thames. • The Americans won the battle, and Tecumseh was killed. – The British-Indian alliance was weakened by Tecumseh’s death and the U.S. border with Canada was secured. The British on the Offensive • The British defeated France in 1814, and so turned their full attention to the U.S. – They sent more troops to America and strengthened their naval blockade of the East coast. – Next the British attacked and burned Washington D.C. • The White House and other government buildings were burned. • Next, the British sailed to Baltimore, Maryland which was guarded by Fort McHenry. – The British Navy shelled Fort McHenry for 25 hours and on the morning after, Francis Scott Key saw that “the flag was still there.” The Battle of New Orleans • After the British attacked Washington, they launched another attack, this time on New Orleans. – There goal was to capture the city which would allow them to control the shipping traffic on the Mississippi River. – Andrew Jackson commanded a mixed force of 4,500 soldiers from the U.S. Army, state militia, and a group of pirates led by Jean Laffite. The Battle of New Orleans • Jackson’s troops constructed an earth and log wall that was flanked by the Mississippi River on one side and a swamp on the other. • In January, 1815 the British marched 5,300 men towards Jackson’s defensive line. – They advanced under cover of a thick morning fog but about halfway across the battlefield, the fog lifted and they became easy targets for the Jackson’s army. The Battle of New Orleans • Only a very small detachment of British infantry reached the American line, and they were quickly beaten back. • The British suffered 2,000 casualties. • The Americans suffered 70 casualties. • The Battle of New Orleans took place 15 days after the War of 1812 officially ended. Ending the War • In December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed, ending the War of 1812. – The treaty did not address impressment or trade embargoes so they both continued to exist. • For the U.S., winning the War of 1812 showed the world that the new nation could stand up to Great Britain. Chapter 10 • All information for this PowerPoint was taken from: – Holt “Call to Freedom” - 2005