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Nervous and Endocrine Systems Review 7A 1. What is the function of the nervous & endocrine systems? Regulation To control and coordinate all body processes by sending messages. 2. A muscle or gland which responds to a message carried to it by motor neurons is called a(n) _______. effector 3. A change in the surroundings or the environment that triggers a nerve impulse is called a(n) stimulus _____. 4. The electrochemical message that travels through the impulse nervous system is known as the _________. 5. A change in the external environment that initiates stimulus (starts) an impulse is called a _______. 6. Nerve cells are called __________. neurons 7. You are walking outside and it starts the rain. You open up your umbrella. a. What is the stimulus in this example? The rain b. What receptor was used? Eyes, skin c. What was the response? Opening up the umbrella d. What effector was used? Muscles in the hand and arms 8. A structure that detects stimuli is a a) effector b) synapse c) receptor d) muscle C 9. Label the diagram of the neuron below. E nucleus F Cell body A dendrites B axon C Schwann cells D Terminal branches Neuron Structure cells which aids 10. Most axons are covered with Myelin/Schwann ___________ impulse transmission by improving electrical insulation. 11. ___________ receive the impulse from the previous Dendrites neuron. 12. The longest part of a neuron is the ______. axon 13. The ____________ contains the nucleus and other cell cell body organelles. 14. The part of the neuron that produces and releases terminal branches neurotransmitters are the ____________. 15. The space between each neuron is called a synapse ________________. 16. The diagram below represents the end of the one neuron and the beginning of the next. a. Which letter represents the neurotransmitters? B A B b. Which letter represents the synapse? A 17. Synapses are located directly between (1.) dendrites and axons (2.) cytons and axons (3.) terminal branches and dendrites (4.) axons and terminal 3 branches 18. How does an impulse travel from one neuron to the next? Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and carry the impulse across. 19. Sensory neurons transmit impulses from receptors to the ____________________. the _________ Brain & spinal cord 20. Interneurons carry impulses from the _____________ sensory neurons to ____________. motor neurons 21. Motor neurons carry impulses from the Brain and spinal cord effectors ______________________ to ___________. 22. Neurons that carry messages toward the CNS (brain and spinal cord) are called sensory neurons 23. In a simple spinal reflex, the pathway for an impulse is along a sensory neuron directly to a motor neuron through (1.) a receptor (2.) an interneuron (3.) an effector 2 (4.) the brain 24. Sensory neurons transmit messages a) from the central nervous system to a muscle a gland b) from the brain to the spinal cord c) from the environment to the spinal cord or brain d) within the brain e) All of the above are true. C 25. Label the 3 types of neurons below. motor neuron B Receptor C A sensory neuron interneuron 26. Why are reflexes much faster than a normal response? The impulse only travels to the spinal cord, not the brain. 27. What controls reflexes? Spinal cord 28. Identify the path an impulse takes in the body (reflex arc). • Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector 29. Label the parts of the reflex arc below. RECEPTOR SENSORY NEURON B stimulus C A INTERNEURON D EFFECTOR F response G E MOTOR NEURON 30. What does this picture represent? Central Nervous System 31. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. What type of neuron is the central nervous system composed of? interneurons peripheral 32. The ________________ nervous system is composed of all nerves branching off from the spinal cord. These nerves are composed Sensory of _____________ neurons and ______________ neurons. Motor 33. What structures make up your central nervous system? Brain and Spinal Cord 34. Identify the parts of the brain labeled in the diagram. cerebrum cerebellum medulla spinal cord 35. Identify the part of the brain being describe. a. What structure controls reasoning, memory, emotions, and habits? cerebrum b. What controls involuntary actions? medulla c. What controls and coordinates and balance? cerebellum d. Loss of memory as a result of an accident would indicate damage to which part? cerebrum e. What controls activities such as breathing and heart rate? medulla 36. According to this diagram, a gland secretes a chemical. What is the name of this chemical? Hormone 37. The organs and tissues that the chemical is transported to by the blood is made up of what kind of cells? Target cells 38. An important method of communication between cells is shown in the diagram. What is the chemical referred to in the diagram? 1. a hormone important in maintaining homeostasis 2. an enzyme detected by a cell membrane receptor 3. DNA necessary for regulating cell functions 4. a food molecule taken in by an organism 1 39. Explain why cell C is the target cell for the hormone in the diagram. Cell C has receptors that fit perfectly with the hormone. 40. If a human system fails to function properly, what is the most likely result? 1. a stable rate of metabolism 2. a disturbance in homeostasis 3. a change in the method of cellular respiration 4. a change in the function of DNA 2 41. Identify all glands labeled in the diagram. Pituitary gland Parathyroid gland Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Islets of Langerhans Ovaries 42. A hormone that increases the rate and strength of heart contractions during times of sudden stress is secreted by which structure? What is the name of this hormone? Adrenal glands, Adrenaline 43. Hormones that regulate other glands such as the ovaries are secreted by which structure? Pituitary gland 44. What is the name of structure F? What is the function of its hormone? Parathyroid, controls calcium levels in blood 45. What does the hormone secreted by structure B control? Metabolism 46. What structure secretes the hormone that controls growth? A – pituitary gland 47. What structure regulates calcium metabolism? F - Parathyroid 48. Which structure regulates blood glucose levels? What are the names of those hormones? C - Pancreas Insulin Glucagon 49. What HORMONE causes blood sugar level to decrease? What GLAND produces this hormone? Insulin Islets of Langerhans on the pancreas 50. What part of the brain controls the pituitary gland? Hypothalamus 51. What hormones produced by the ovaries stimulate the production of female secondary sex characteristics? Estrogen 52. Which HORMONE helps to stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male? Testosterone 53. Why is the pituitary glands called the “master gland?” It regulates other glands in the body. 54. Increased perspiration, a higher body temperature, and a rapidly beating heart are all possible responses to a stressful situation. These body responses are most likely a direct result of the interaction of the 1. digestive and endocrine systems 2. digestive and respiratory systems 3. nervous and endocrine systems 4. nervous and reproductive systems 3 55. Which statement describes a feedback mechanism involving the human pancreas? 1. The production of estrogen stimulates the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction. 2. The level of oxygen in the blood is related to heart rate. 3. The level of sugar in the blood is affected by the amount of insulin in the blood. 4. The production of urine allows for excretion of cell waste. 3 56. Hormones and secretions of the nervous system are chemical messengers that 1. store genetic information 2. carry out the circulation of materials 3. extract energy from nutrients 4. control and coordinate system interactions 4 57. This diagram best illustrates a. recombination b. feedback c. insertion d. deletion 58. What is the function of this process? b Maintain homeostasis. Regulate hormone levels in the blood. 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 4 4 1