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Natural Selection Part 2 MLK Spring 2006 M.Elizabeth www.marric.us/teaching Chapter 10: Classification I. Chapter 10.1: Sorting it all out Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities. A. Why Classify It is a natural thing for humans to classify things so that we know how best to use them Why Classify • Biologist classify organisms living and extinct in order to make sense because there are so many different kinds of organisms. Geologists have done the same by putting rocks into categories: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Biologist Classify • Classifying living things makes it easier for biologists to see patterns and to find answers to the following questions – How many known species are there – What are the characteristics of these species – What are the relationships between these species B. Levels of Classification • Six Kingdoms each of which are divided into phyla (phylum singular). • Each phylum is divided into classes. • Each class is divided into orders • Each order is divided into families • Each family is divided into genera (genus singular) • Each genus is divided into species. • A species is a group of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring. Mnemonic - Rhyme • • • • • • • • King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda King = Kingdom Phillip = Phyla Came = Class Over = Order For = Family Grape = Genus Soda = Species Kingdoms have the most members and the classification system narrows the numbers to species which has one (even now sometimes scientist narrow to the subspecies - strains C. What is the basis for Classification • Carolus Linnaeus is the “father” of taxonomy. • Taxonomy is the science of identifying, classifying, and naming living things. • Linnaeus was a Swedish physician and botanist who lived in the 1700’s • Linnaeus classified organism by their shared characteristics • After Darwin – scientist looked also for presumed evolutionary relationships Cladogram – branching diagram D. Naming Names • Linnaeus as father of taxonomy developed the two part scientific name for species. • Latin or Greek names are used as building blocks for scientific names • The first person to discover a species is given the opportunity to name it • The two part scientific name begins with the genus and is followed by the species. Both are underlined or italicized. E. Dichotomous Keys • Taxonomists use guides known as dichotomous keys to aid in identifying unknown organisms. • A Dichotomous key consits of several pairs of descriptive statements that have an either/or response. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 10.2 The Six Kingdoms Protista (eukaryotic cells with characteristics like animal and plant) Archaebacteria – prokaryotic cells that live in extreme environments Eubacteria – prokaryotic cells that live everywhere except extreme environments. Plantae – eukaryotic cells (plant cells) oldest living organisms Fungi – eukaryotic cells like plants but do not perform photosynthesis Animalia – eukaryotic cells, can move, have nervous systems