Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Overexploitation wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Coevolution wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Isolation Leading to Speciation… Speciation - formation of two species from one species because of divergent natural selection Difference between Geographic and Reproductive Isolation Geographic • Physically separated for long periods of time • Physical barrier • Volcano/earthquake • Wind/water Reproductive • Mutation and natural selection • Divergent evolution • Change enough to not be able to interbreed Can take hundreds of years… if the species is quickly reproducing. Otherwise, it takes tens of thousands to millions of years! Geographic Isolation …can lead to reproductive isolation, divergence of gene pools and speciation. Convergent evolution • Organisms have similar adaptations to similar environments, e.g. whales and sharks, bats and birds These two succulent plant genera, Euphorbia and Astrophytum, are only distantly related, but have independently converged on a very similar body form. Convergent evolution Convergent evolution Divergent Evolution • Organisms are related but have different adaptations to different environments Divergent Evolution Or Adaptive Radiation Darwin’s Finches Divergent Convergent Coevolution • Refers to complex interactions that involve evolutionary adaptations between 2 species • E.g. Acacia tree and leafcutter ants, flowering plants and their pollinators Evolution and Adaptation • Co-Evolution – Populations of two different species interacting over a long period of time – Changes in the gene pool of of one species changes the gene pool of another species • Predator-Prey Relationships • Plant defense mechanisms Extinction: Lights Out • Extinction occurs when the population cannot adapt to changing environmental conditions. The golden toad of Costa Rica’s Monteverde cloud forest has become extinct because of changes in climate. Figure 4-11 Extinction: Lights Out • 99.9 % of all species that ever existed are now extinct Figure 4-11 Cenozoic Era Period Millions of years ago Quaternary Today Tertiary 65 Mesozoic Cretaceous Jurassic 180 Triassic Species and families experiencing mass extinction Extinction Current extinction crisis caused by human activities. Many species are expected to become extinct Extinction within the next 50–100 years. Cretaceous: up to 80% of ruling reptiles (dinosaurs); many marine species including many foraminiferans and mollusks. Extinction Triassic: 35% of animal families, including many reptiles and marine mollusks. Bar width represents relative number of living species 250 Extinction 345 Extinction Permian Paleozoic Carboniferous Devonian Permian: 90% of animal families, including over 95% of marine species; many trees, amphibians, most bryozoans and brachiopods, all trilobites. Devonian: 30% of animal families, including agnathan and placoderm fishes and many trilobites. Silurian Ordovician Cambrian 500 Extinction Ordovician: 50% of animal families, including many trilobites. Fig. 4-12, p. 93 Extinction • Background extinction – Normal extinction of various species as a result of changes in local environmental conditions • Mass extinction – extinction resulting from catastrophic, wide-spread event in which large groups of existing species are wiped out Period of Recovery Following Extinction Adaptive radiation Process in which numerous new species evolve to fill vacant and new ecological niches in changed environments