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Joints and Their Classification
• Arthrology = study of the joints
• Kinesiology = study of musculoskeletal movement
• Classified how adjacent bones are joined
• Fibrous – by fibrous connective tissue with no space between
• Cartilaginous – by pad or bridge of cartilage
• Synovial – bones separated by fluid- filled cavity covered by connective
tissue
• Classified by freedom of movement
• Synarthrosis (little or no movement) – fibrous or cartilaginous
• Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) – fibrous or cartilaginous
• Diarthrosis (freely movable) – always synovial
7-1
Synarthroses - immobile joints
1. Synostosis - Bony Joint
• Gap between two bones ossifies
• frontal and mandibular bones in infants
• cranial sutures in elderly
• attachment of first rib and sternum
• Can occur in either fibrous or cartilaginous joint
7-2
Synarthroses -Fibrous Joints
• Collagen fibers span the space between bones
1. Sutures - bind skull bones together
• Serrate - interlocking lines
• coronal, sagittal and lambdoid sutures
• Lap - overlapping beveled edges
• temporal and parietal bones
• Plane - straight, non-overlapping edges
• palatine processes of the maxillae
2. Gomphosis
• Attachment of a tooth to its socket
• Held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament
• collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone
• Some movement while chewing
7-3
Synarthroses -Cartilaginous Joint
• Synchondrosis
• Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
• rib attachment to sternum
• epiphyseal plate in children binds epiphysis and diaphysis
7-4
Amphiarthroses - fibrous joint
• Syndesmosis
• Two bones bound by ligament only
• interosseus membrane
• Most movable of fibrous joints
• Interosseus membranes unite radius to ulna and tibia to
fibula
7-5
Amphiarthroses - cartilaginous joint
• Symphysis
• 2 bones joined by fibrocartilage
• pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
• Only slight amount of movement is possible
7-6
Diarthrosis - Synovial Joint
 Joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint
cavity
 Most are freely movable
7-7
General Anatomy
• Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage
covering the joint surfaces
• Synovial cavity
• Articular capsule encloses joint cavity
• continuous with periosteum
• lined by synovial membrane
• Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages
• Articular discs and menisci
• jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee
joints
• absorbs shock, guides bone
movements and distributes forces
• Tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Ligament attaches bone to bone
7-8
Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
• Bursa = saclike extension of joint capsule
• between nearby structures so slide more easily past each other
• Synovial tendon sheaths = cylinders of connective tissue lined
with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon
7-9
Range of Motion
• Degrees through which a joint can move
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•
•
•
Nonaxial – vertebrocostal, sacroiliac
Monoaxial – elbow, knee,ankle, interphalangeal
Biaxial – radiocarpal
Triaxial (multiaxial) – sholder, hip
• Determined by
• structure of the articular surfaces
• strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and capsule
• stretching of ligaments increases range of motion
• double-jointed people have long or slack ligaments
• action of the muscles and tendons
• nervous system monitors joint position and muscle tone
7-10
Types of Synovial Joints
7-11