Download Chapter 16 Bones and Soft Tissues

Chapter 16
Bones and Soft
Tissues
Objectives
• Explain the difference between the
axial and appendicular skeleton.
• Define the functions of the skeletal
system.
• Define the types of fractures.
• Explain the difference between
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
muscle.
Planes
• Anatomical position
– Forward facing, arms at side, palms
facing forward
• Frontal: divides body into front and
back
• Sagittal: divides body into left and
right
• Transverse: divides body into top
and bottom
Directional Terms
• Anterior: front of the body
• Posterior: back of the body
• Medial: Closer to the midline
• Lateral: Farther from midline
• Proximal: Towards an attachment
• Distal: Away from an attachment
• Superior: Higher
• Inferior: Lower
Movements
• Flexion: bending of the joint
• Extension: extending the joint
• Abduction: moving away from the
midline
• Adduction: moving towards the
midline
• Pronation: turning down
• Supination: turning up
Movements
• Inversion: sole of foot is turned
inward
• Eversion: sole of foot is turned
outward
• Protraction: glides forward
• Retraction: glides backward
• Rotation: turning on an axis
• Circumduction: ball and socket joint,
one movement in several directions
Skeletal System
• Average adult has 206 bones
• Two main parts
– Axial: skull, spine, ribs, sternum,
approx 80 bones
– Appendicular: shoulder and pelvic
girdle, limbs, approx 126 bones
• Types: Long, Flat, Irregular, Short
Functions of Bone
• Aid in movement of
body
• Support and
protect internal
organs
• Produce red and
white blood cells
• Provide storage for
minerals
Joints
• Diarthrodial: synovial joints, good
mobility
– Hinge
– Ball and Socket
• Amphiarthrodial: very little
movement
– Ex: where ribs meet sternum
• Synarthrodial: fibrous joints,
immovable
– Ex: bones in skull, tib/fib
Fractures
• Simple or closed fracture: incomplete
or complete breaks in the bone but
the skin remains intact
• Comminuted fracture: bone shatters
in three or more pieces
• Compound or open fracture:
fractured end of bone penetrates the
skin
Fractures
Fractures
• Avulsion Fracture:
a ligament or
tendon pulls away
from bony
attachment
Fractures
• Spiral fracture:
caused by a
torsional force
• Stress fracture:
occurs in a bone
that’s subjected to
repetitive stress
Fractures
• Longitudinal
• Oblique fracture:
fracture: usually
looks like a
caused by impact,
diagonal line
runs the length of
across the
the bone
bone
• Transverse
fracture: fracture is
perpendicular to
the bone
Fractures
• Greenstick
fracture: occurs in
adolescents and
children. Bone is
still soft so the
fracture is
incomplete.
• Epiphyseal
fracture: fracture
of growth plate,
Salter-Harris
Fractures
• Blowout fracture:
when eye is
pushed backwards
and down in socket
• Depressed
fracture: direct
impact to the skull
Fractures
• Compression fracture: occurs when
opposing forces are applied to a bone from
both ends at the same time
Muscles
• 3 different types
– Skeletal
– Smooth
– Cardiac
• 4 characteristics
– Contractibility: ability to shorten or reduce
distance
– Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
– Extensibility: ability to lengthen and increase
distance
– Elasticity: ability to return to original form
after being compressed
Smooth Muscle
• Involuntary muscle
• Found in organs
such as digestive
tract, urinary
bladder, and blood
vessels
• Long, spindle
shaped with no
striations
Cardiac Muscle
• Involuntary
• Found in the heart
• Short, branching fibers with a centrally
located nucleus
• No distinct striations
Skeletal Muscle
• Voluntary
• Attached to
skeleton and
located in wall of
pharynx and
esophagus
• Long, cylindrical,
multinucleated,
light/dark
striations
Muscle Contraction
• Muscles contract to move the
skeleton
• Muscles work in pairs
• Prime mover: major contributor to
single movement
• Antagonist: major contributor to
opposite movement of prime mover
• Synergist: works with prime mover
to produce smooth movement
Muscle Tone
• Atrophy: wasting
or loss of muscle
– Disease
– Lack of use
• Hypertrophy:
increase in mass of
muscle