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Cardiovascular System •Organs and Cells •Organization and Functions •Cardiovascular Health as a Multifactorial Trait Heart Chambers and Valves Left Atrium Right Atrium Atrioventricular Valve Right Ventricle Atrioventricular Valve Left Ventricle Semilunar Valves Tissues of the Heart Endocardium- lining Myocardium- muscle Pericardium- outside Layers of Heart Tissue Fibrous pericardium Visceral pericardium The Cardiac Cycle Oxygenated blood from lungs Deoxygenated blood to lungs Heart Relaxes; atria fill passively Oxygenated Deoxygenated blood from body blood to body Atria Contract Ventricles Contract Flow of Blood to Lungs and Body Lung Capillaries Atria Ventricles Body Capillaries Control of Heartbeat Sinoatrial (SA) Node Atrioventricular (AV) Node SA Node = pacemaker Excitable Fibers AV Node receives signals from SA node, sends signal through excitable fibers for ventricles to beat simultaneously Superior Vena Cava (from upper body) Pulmonary Artery (to right lung) Aorta Connecting Vessels Pulmonary Artery (to left lung) Pulmonary Veins (from left lung) Pulmonary Veins (from right lung) Inferior Vena Cava (from lower body) Descending Aorta (to lower body) Blood Vessels of the Heart Coronary arteries (red) and cardiac veins (blue) serve heart muscle Imaging methods can detect blockages in coronary arteries Applying Your Knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Left Ventricle Semilunar Valve Right Atrium Left Atrium Atrioventricular valve A. Which structure receives blood returning from the lungs? B. Which structure prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles? C. Which structure pumps blood to the body capillaries? Heart Function Atrioventricular Valves Close “lubb” sound Semilunar Valves Close “dup” sound Atria Contract Ventricles Relax Atria Relax Ventricles Contract Heartbeat visualized with ECG Irregular heart rhythm Capillaries Arteriole --Arteries carry blood away from the heart --Veins carry blood back to the heart --Capillaries allow blood to reach tissues Venule Connective Tissue Muscle ConnectiveTissue Artery Endothelium Vein Structures and Interconnections of Blood Vessels Blood Return Through Veins • Skeletal muscles help return blood to the heart • Valves prevent back-flow Blood Pressure Blood pressure = Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Systolic: pressure during ventricular contraction Diastolic: pressure during ventricular relaxation Blood Components Platelets initiate blood clotting Plasma is the fluid portion of blood that transports nutrients, gases, hormones and waste. Lipid Carriers distribute triglycerides and cholesterol. LDL = low density lipoprotein delivers cholesterol HDL= high density lipoprotein returns cholesterol to liver for destruction White blood cells defend against invaders Red blood cells carry oxygen Applying Your Knowledge 1. Plasma 2. Red blood cells 3. White blood cells A. Which one transports nutrients? B. Which one fights foreign invaders? C. Which one carries oxygen? Multifactorial and Polygenic Traits • Multifactorial Trait: Phenotype is influenced by the environment – Heritability: measure of genetic contribution to the phenotype • Polygenic Trait: Phenotype is determined by the activities of more than one gene – Show a range of phenotypes – Likely to also be Multifactorial Traits Multifactorial Polygenic Trait: Heart Health Heart health depends on 1. Blood pressure 2. Lipid metabolism 3. Blood clotting 4. Tendency for white blood cells to adhere to blood vessel walls Genes Involved in Cardiovascular Health Rare alleles related to risk for cardiovascular diseases