Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
EGYPTIAN MATHS OVERVIEW In ancient Egypt Mathematics was mainly studied for its applications to the problems of everyday life. In Egypt and Mesopotamia over 2000 years b.C. (perhaps 5000) the need to solve problems no longer marks the birth of elementary Arithmetic as a Science. At these ancient civilizations simply counting objects was no longer sufficient to meet daily needs. Tax`s problems, irrigation, land measurement, construction of levees, canals, pyramids complex, require appropriate institutions with which to work and rules for the calculation. To redraw the boundaries of fields after the annual Nile floods are needed skilled surveyors, requires the use of bricks which is calculated the amount needed before embarking on a building, the harvest is divided between the farmer, the state, the priestly class. The first evidence of the use of Mathematics from the Egyptians date back to the Old Kingdom, with an inscription that records the achievements of war, using the numbering system which will be used throughout the Egyptian History. Also in the first dynasty was widespread practice to confirm the use of geometric concepts. SOURCES, NUMERALS, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION A witness to the remarkable development of Mathematics at these people, we have received a lot of Babylonian clay tablets inscribed with cuneiform characters and some Egyptian papyri. Unlike Mesopotamian civilization, the amount of the mathematical texts come to us from Ancient Egypt is rather limited, because of the difficulty of preservation of the papyri themselves, so it is possible that actual knowledge of Egyptian Mathematics are still undervalued . Among those papyri who provide us with more information are Ahmes papyrus, the papyrus of Moscow and the roll of skin. The papyri testify that the ancient Egyptians used a decimal system for writing numbers, though numbers in the names of the trace remains of a primitive stage in which it was adopted a system based on five. The system, which has remained essentially stable for the duration of the Egyptian civilization, involved the use of seven basic hieroglyphs, each representing a power of ten, from 100 to 106. Each symbol was repeated from one to nine times, adding the value of all the signs, we obtain the desired number. This system is not positional, although the figures were usually written in order from the largest value to the smallest one. Additionally there is no symbol for zero. 1 1000 10 1000 0 1000000 100 100000 HOW EGYPTIANS DID MULTIPLICATIONS For example, how they did 23 x 17=? 1 2 4 8 16 23 46 92 184 368 solution 23 + 368 391 HOW EGYPTIANS DID DIVISIONS For example, how they did 276 : 23 =? 4 +8 12 1 2 4 8 23 46 92 184 solution 92 +184 276 Symbols were formed by Egyptians. They started using symbols (small draws) to build easily pyramids and temples. They have also created hieroglyphs. Nowadays it helps us understanding Egyptians’ numeral system. Egyptian mathematics also wrote papyrus. Rhind Papyrus and Moscow Papyrus are the most important elements from their civilization. Some years later, they started measuring farmlands. It was really difficult using just integers, so, they invented a new type of number: factionary number. Today, we use fractions every time we want calculate or divided something. today, we use fractions every time we want calculate or divided something. ALGEBRA The Arithmetic arises from problems, through the problems it evolves. From practical needs are the encouragement to research, but sometimes the intellectual curiosity, for enjoyment, take the hands of the scribe, and so are also fixed problems completely independent from concrete issues. The Egyptians knew and used the correct formula to find the area of rectangles, triangles, trapezoids and volume of the pyramid and truncated pyramid. The Egyptians did not use a symbolic notation for algebraic problems and to express their equations, even though they had a clear conception of the entities involved and in particular the concept of unknown. The mathematical texts received by us contain numerous examples of linear equations. The ancient Egyptians were able to solve quadratic equations, problems that were contained almost all geometric in nature, and the resolution of the equation was then only an internal passageway of the problem. Solving a quadratic equation always involves the calculation of square roots. In the papyri the result of the root is written directly and are never the steps of the calculation, it is likely that the scribes did use of appropriate tables containing the roots of whole numbers and fractions, but none of these boards has come down to us. Then, in the Rhind papyrus have survived three examples of Arithmetic progressions, denoted by the word “των” meaning "common difference". EGYPTIAN MATHEMATICIANS From 3000 BC to 300 BC. The most important authors were: •Ahmes was the Egyptian scribe who wrote the Rhind Papyrus - one of the oldest known mathematical documents. •Joseph is one of the authors who gives some of the measurements of the Great Pyramid which make some people believe that it was built with certain mathematical constants in mind. •Robins argues against both the golden ratio or π being deliberately involved in the construction of the pyramid. Example: •When we look to a clock we use it. It is said a quarter to/past… (¼). •We also can say: I just eat ½ of pizza. •Or even when we analyze something: 1/3 of population is unemployed. •And all the time we divide something: Divide these candies for the five kids (1/5). •We are constantly using fractions nowadays, it is very important because it is a simple way to calculate something without worrying with integers numbers.