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I. Fall of Roman Empire leads to Middle Ages A. Europe weak 1,000 CE 1,300 CE B. Small kingdoms High Middle develop Early 500 CE Late Middle Ages 1,500 CE II. Invasion of Western Europe A. Germanic invaders attack Western Roman Empire 1. people sought protection from men with $$ and power = lords 2. had to surrender land and persons to lord 3. created the European feudal system B. Impact of warfare: 1. Disrupted trade a. invasions on land and sea b. businesses failed c. money scarce 2. Downfall of cities a. cities no longer center of Roman administration 3. Population shifts – ppl move to rural areas 4. Decline of learning a. Germanic invaders illiterate 5. Loss of common language - no Latin a. By 800s, French, Spanish & other Roman based languages developed III. Germanic kingdoms A. Replaced Roman provinces B. Political chaos C. Family ties & loyalty more important than public government and written laws, as in Rome D. Unwritten rules & tradition 1. Men dominate position 2. Women owned and inherited fiefs (land) a. managed manors… responsibility = power E. Chiefs had loyal warriors – loyalty = highest virtue Barbarian Kingdoms IV. Germans adopt Christianity A. Politics spread Christianity 1. Rulers adopted Christianity B. Missionaries spread Christianity C. Monasteries - for rural areas 1. Monks, nuns 2. Educated, schools, libraries, copy books 3. Illustated manuscripts D. Pope Gregory I “Gregory the Great” 1. the papacy became more secular – involved in politics 2. used Church $$ to repair roads, raise armies, and help poor 3. negotiated peace treaties V. Carolingian Dynasty A. Rulers of the Frankish empire 1. Charles Martel “the Hammer” (714-741 CE) = Christian hero due to defeating Muslims 2. Pepin III, “the Short”, crowned by Pope Zacharias & began Carolingian Dynasty 751 3. Charlemagne = Son of Pepin the Short became ruler in 768 B. Martel defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours in 732 1. significance = stopped the spread of Islam into Western Europe Martel VI. Importance of Charlemagne A. Extended empire = larger than Byzantine Empire 1. Great Warrior 2. Conquered Muslims B. Spread Christianity 1. Became Holy Roman Emperor in 800 crowned by Pope Leo III 2. Christian king ruling Christian kingdom a. Swears allegiance to Church b. established schools to teach future monks, nuns The Crowning of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III Charlemagne expanding & uniting empire Charlemagne’s United Empire C. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) United Germanic people 1. harsh ruler 2. strong personality; required oaths of faith and loyalty 3. limited power of nobles a. sent royal agents to make sure “counts” were being just to their counties b. “counts” solved local problems, stopped feuds, protected weak and raised armies – loyal to Charlemagne NOT kingdom D. Year before his death – crowned son Louis Pious king 1. not a soldier, very religious, no respect from aristocracy E. Empire divided between three sons of Louis Pious 1. Lothair = Middle Kingdom 2. Charles the Bald = Western Kingdom 3. Louis the German = Eastern Kingdom F. Lack of strong ruler led to feudalism Division of Charlemagne’s Empire Chapter 13.2: Feudalism SOCIAL & Governmental ORDER Under feudalism, the roles of people were determined by their places in society. How does this compare with the Hindu caste system? I. Invaders A. Attacks on Carolingian Empire 1. Viking invasions from north a. pirates, pagans b. plundered, raped, murdered 2. Muslims & Magyars invasions from east and south a. Magyars = bandits; did not colonize- took slaves to eastern markets; wanted booty and plunder b. Muslims stopped in 732 B. Attacks accelerated the development of feudalism 1. communities isolated; every man, woman, child put under sword 2. trade declined 3. economic system in decline II. Feudalism = Social Order & Governmental Structure A. Structured society 1. Power based on rights and obligations 2. In exchange for military protection, lords granted land (a fief) 3. Lord=landowner 4. Vassal = person who received land & performed services for lord III. The feudal pyramid A. Well defined classes 1. Top – king 2. Next = Nobles – powerful vassalswealthy landowners and bishops 3. Knights were soldiers who pledged to defend lord’s land in exchange for fief 4. at the bottom were peasants and serfs IV. Status of the peasant A. Inherited social classdetermined by God 1. Not allowed to leave place born 2. Bound to land 3. Not slaves - not bought or sold B. Paid high taxes = grain, goods produced, bread, marriage tax, tithe - church tax 1. must have permission to marry V. Daily life A. infant mortality high B. starvation reality C. Beer = universal drink 1. man in field might drink 3 gallons or more during 10-12 hour day D. People rarely left village – 25 mile radius only E. upper class women sent infants to be nursed F. Noble boys – age 7- placed in homes to be trained for knighthood G. Girls (age 10-13) – parents to decide whether to become nuns or marry H. Marriage 1. economic 2. no divorce 3. if not married in Church then private vows I. Recreation 1. based on war and violence 2. tournaments for aristocracy 3. archery, wrestling for peasants 4. hangings and mutilations of criminals exciting and well attended VI. Health and Medical care A. People did not understand causes of illness 1. elf-shot, wormlike creatures in body, or number 9 2. treatment = charms, amulets, potions, priestly incantations B. People ate poorly, bathed infrequently (once a year or so) 1. many prescriptions for lice, fleas, and filth 2. physicians (male and female) charged fee – few could afford-illness ran course 3. Death came early – 40 = old VII. Manor - the manorial system = economic arrangement to support feudal system A. Lords estate 1. Lord’s manor house, church, workshop 2. woods, fields, pastures, ponds, streams 3. self-sufficient B. Basic economic arrangement 1. Lords provided housing & protection to serfs 2. Serfs worked land, animals a. Illness, malnutrition, and short life common Chapter 13.4: The Power of the Church I. Church became powerful – dominated all aspects of life A. Europe - weak central power B. Church - powerful institution 1. resembled civil administration of Roman Empire a. collected taxes b. established courts and laws c. dispatched ambassadors to Europe C. Church gave sense of security and answered questions in uncertain times D. People depended on Church to provide services king not able to provide; caring for poor and sick E. Accumulated great wealth through gifts of land II. Church Authority A. political and spiritual power – Pope became more important than kings 1. Canon Law = church law 2. harsh punishment = excommunication and interdict a. person excluded from communion b. papal order closing churches in particular country B. Around 1000s Conflict between kings and pope increased with growing power of kings C. Participation in religious rituals public and social duty 1. Village church = center of manorial life a. some were also schools b. gave help to poor 2. peasants worried about Hell a. sacraments only way to avoid Hell III. Structure of Church A. Bishop of Rome = Pope B. Advisors to Pope = Cardinals C. Chief Officials = Bishops, responsible for Christians in an area 1. supervise priests 2. settle disputes D. Priests in local churches 1. main contact between Church and people IV. Church as unifying force A. Bonded people B. Provided security C. Center of all lives – dominated every aspect of life D. Sacrament - religious ceremonies for salvation w/o cannot go to heaven 1. Baptism, penance, Eucharist, confirmation, matrimony, anointing of the sick, holy orders V. Accomplishments of Church A. Preservation of learning inherited from Greek & Romans B. Established libraries in monasteries and convents C. Books copied by hand (printing press not yet invented in Europe!) D. First schools were Church schools E. Many Bishops and clergy entered government, military, or became diplomats and advisors to kings, why? They were educated! VI. The Holy Roman Empire A. King Otto I crowned in 936 as king of Germany 1. Alliance w/ church 2. Dominated church Germany 3. Crowned emperor in 962 by pope B. Strongest state in Europe until 1100 C. Conflict with Church over lay investiture 1. Kings have power over clergy 2. Lay investiture - kings appoint clergy D. 1075 - Pope Gregory VII – banned lay investiture 1. Henry IV - emperor of Germany-ordered Pope Gregory to step down 2. Gregory excommunicated Henry IV for defying him a. bishops and princes then sided with the pope VII. Showdown at Canossa A. 1077 – Henry IV begged Pope Gregory VII to end excommunication 1. Gregory granted forgiveness and ended excommunication 2. issue of lay investiture still a problem VIII. Concordat of Worms (city in Germany) to resolve conflict between Holy Roman Emperor and Pope A. Compromise over lay investiture reached in 1122 1. Only clergy to appoint bishops 2. Emperor could be present and veto B. Papal power in Germany was enhanced IX. Frederick I (Barbarossa) first ruler to call his lands Holy Roman Empire A. Was not able to keep order B. Empire weakened and had continued conflicts with Popes