Download The High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages
(ca. 900-1200)
Society and Economy
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The Social Orders
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Oratores
Bellatores
Laboratores (SERFS)
Society and Economy
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Personal Dependency
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Lords and Vassals
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VASSALS served lords
Lords provided land
Lords and peasants
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Peasants worked, paid
dues
Status was hereditary
Lords provided
necessities
Reeve, and serfs at work
Economy and Society
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Agricultural
Innovations
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Three-field system
Iron plowshare
Horses
Results
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Better standard of living
Population doubled
Economy and Society
Society and Economy
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The Guilds
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Formed by urban merchants and artisans
Nature of guilds
*Economic: standards for products, additional
regulations
 Also social, spiritual
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Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen,
apprentices
Society and Economy
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Engaging in the Economy
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CREDIT
Loans
USURY
Economy and Society
Economy and Society
Medieval Trade Routes
Economy and Society
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Trade in the Far East
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Mongol Empire
encouraged trade
Marco Polo
(1254-1324)
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Court of Kubilai Khan
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Venetian merchant
Present at court of
Kublai Khan
The Description of the
World (ca. 1298)
Economy and Society
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Questions?
The Emerging Western States: England
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England
(9th-10th cents.)
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Small kingdoms
Viking raids (9th cent.)
 occupation
KING ALFRED THE
GREAT (r. 871-899)
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Raised army (878),
defeated Vikings
First king of all English
King Alfred the Great
The Emerging Western States: England
Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great
Winchester, United Kingdom
The Emerging Western States: England
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The Norman Conquest
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Edward the Confessor
(r. 1042-1066) died
childless
Two heirs: Harold of
Wessex, William of
Normandy
The Norman Conquest
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The Bayeux Tapestry (ca. 1070-80)
William and Normans
invaded England
Victorious at BATTLE OF
HASTINGS (1066)
The Emerging Western States: England
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William the Conqueror
(r. 1066-1089)
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First Norman king of
England
Distributed lands
among family, Norman
barons
“Domesday Book”
(1086): census,
inventory
The Emerging Western States: England
2010
The Emerging Western States: England
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Magna Carta (1215)
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Origins: King John’s
conflict with France
The document
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Defined rights,
obligations of nobility
King John forced to sign
Major point: king is not
above law!
The Emerging Western States: France
The Emerging Western States: Germany
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Holy Roman Empire
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Many principalities, under
an emperor
Princes governed
independent states
Emperors
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Claimed highest authority
Had to respect princes’
rights
A decentralized monarchy
The Emerging Western States: Spain
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Christian Spain
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Muslim power
weakened
Christian princes
seized opportunity
RECONQUISTA
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Christian reconquest of
Islamic Spain
Result: Christian Iberian
states emerging
The Emerging Western States: Spain
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Questions?
The Church and Christianity
The Church and Christianity
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The “Papal Monarchy”
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Papal States
The Curia
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Papal Tiara (“Triregnum”)
Papal Court, Rome
COLLEGE OF
CARDINALS
EXCOMMUNICATION
The Church and Christianity
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The Great Schism
(1054)
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Eastern and Western
Churches at odds
Papal supremacy
asserted at
Constantinople (1054)
Greek and Latin
Churches excommunicated each
other
The Church and Christianity
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The Investiture Conflict (1075-1076)
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Pope Gregory VII prohibited lay investiture
Emperor Henry IV opposed him, appointed new archbishop
Gregory’s response
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Excommunicated Henry, deprived him of office
Released HRE from allegiance to emperor!
Henry submitted
The Church and Christianity
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John vs. Innocent
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POPE INNOCENT III
(r. 1198-1216)
Clashed with King John
over new archbishop of
Canterbury
Innocent
excommunicated John
John submitted
Innocent III
The Church and Christianity
The Church and Christianity
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The Crusades
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Origins
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First Crusade (1095-99)
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Siege of Antioch
Turks were threatening
Byzantium
Emperor petitioned pope
for aid
Council of Clermont
(1095)
Force of 50-60,000 
Holy Land
“Pilgrimage”
Victory  Crusader States
The Church and Christianity
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Other Crusades
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Because Christians lost
ground in Holy Land
Third Crusade
(1189-92)
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Saladin captured
Jerusalem (1187)
Another crusade 
failure
Crusades over by 1300
Saladin
The Church and Christianity
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The Franciscans
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Francis of Assisi
(ca. 1182-1226)
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Son of cloth merchant
Conversion experience
 poverty
Franciscans (1215)
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Friars
Poverty
Preached penance
Served lepers and poor
Francis of Assisi
The Church and Christianity
Robe of Francis of Asissi,
Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi
The Church and Christianity
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The Dominicans
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Dominic Guzman
(1170-1221)
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Spanish missionary
Disillusioned by Church’s
preaching methods
Preach as seen in Gospels!
Dominicans (1216)
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Friars
Preaching on foot
Teaching
Intellectual Order
The Church and Christianity
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Medieval Heresy
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Numerous heretical
groups
The Church’s response
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Preaching
Medieval Inquisition
(1231)
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Guide heretics to
recantation, penance
Variety of penalties
The Church and Christianity
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Medieval Spirituality
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The Eucharist
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The Virgin Mary
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Corpus Christi Procession
Sacrament of the Mass
TRANSUBSTANTIATION
Widespread cult
Rosary
The Church and Christianity
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Questions?
Culture and Society
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The University
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Organization of master and students
Specialization
Students
Clerical status
 Grouped into “nations”
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More intimate groups students live in
Provided protection, connection, legislation
Culture and Society
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Classroom Setting
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Lectures considered
best method of
teaching
Books very expensive!
Master’s role
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Read excerpt of text
Commentary
Refute objections
Students’ role: commit
it all to memory!
Culture and Society
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Scholasticism
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From rediscovery of
Aristotle
Scholastics
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Used logic to explain
knowledge
Faith and reason are
harmonious!
THOMAS AQUINAS
(1225-74)
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Dominican
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Summa Theologica
Culture and Society
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Vernacular Literature
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Latin: language of
Church, academia
VERNACULAR
Vernacular literature
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Dante Alighieri
Chanson de Roland
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(12th cent.)
Beowulf (ca. 1000)
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The Divine Comedy
(1313-21)
Culture and Society
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Romanesque
Architecture
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Massive stone
churches
Sculpture on exterior
Round arches
“Leaning Tower,” Pisa (1053-1272)
Culture and Society
St. Sernin de Toulouse (1070-1120), France
Exterior
Culture and Society
St. Sernin de Toulouse,
Interior
Culture and Society
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Gothic Architecture
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Chartres Cathedral (1145-1220), France
Pointed arches
Stained-glass windows
Flying buttresses
Culture and Society
Chartres Cathedral
Interior
Stained-Glass Window,
Chartres Cathedral
Culture and Society
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Women during the High Middle Ages
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Still a man’s world!
Rulers were mostly male
 Women excluded from universities
 Guilds run by men
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Significant roles for women?
Noblewomen
 Convents
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Culture and Society
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Female Rulers
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Women were lords, vassals
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Owned property
Had vassals
War, politics
ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
(1122-1204)
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French landowner
Wife and mother of kings
Patroness of troubadours
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Culture and Society
Eleanor of Aquitaine
in Robin Hood (2010)
Culture and Society
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Women and the Church
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Only role: convent
Clare of Assisi
(1194-1253)
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Clare of Assisi
Loyal disciple of Francis
Formed Order of Sisters
of St. Francis (1212)
Sisters worked alongside
friars  later cloistered
Culture and Society
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Questions?
The High Middle Ages
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The Middle Ages
 Progress?
 Innovation?
 Developments?