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RENAISSANCE AND
REFORMATION VOCABULARY
BLACK DEATH/BUBONIC PLAGUE
The disease that wiped out nearly
half of Europe’s population
during 1347 to 1351
CHURCH OF ENGLAND
Also known as the Anglican Church; It was created when King
Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon,
and the Catholic church would not allow it so he created a church
of his own.
COUNCIL OF TRENT
As part of the Catholic/Counter Reformation, it was a group of
cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians that met
off and on for 18 years in the city of Trent (Northern Italy)
starting in March 1545.
COUNTER-REFORMATION
Another name for the Catholic Reformation; the Jesuits, reform
of the papacy, and the Council of Trent gave support for the
counter-reformation.
FRESCO
A painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints
HUMANISM
An intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study
of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry,
moral philosophy, and history
INDULGENCE
A release from all of part of punishment for sin by the Catholic
Church, reducing time in purgatory after death; “As soon as the
coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”
INQUISITION (SPANISH OR
ITALIAN)
A court established by the Catholic Church to discover and try
heretics; also called the Holy Office
JESUITS
Also called the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius of Loyola;
they used education to spread their message and they were
successful in restoring parts of Germany and eastern Europe and
others to Catholicism.
LUTHERANISM
The religious doctrine that
Martin Luther developed; it
differed from Catholicism in
the doctrine of salvation,
which Luther believed could
be achieved by faith alone,
not by good works;
Lutheranism was the first
protestant faith
PATRON
A person who hires someone
for a work of art or a
commission is a patron.
Patronage is support that
kings, popes, and other
wealthy members of society
gave to artists, sculptors,
architects, and musicians.
The Last Judgment by Michelangelo.
Commissioned by Pope Clement VII
PERSPECTIVE
An illusion of three dimensionality in art; lead to a more realistic
art style
PREDESTINATION
The belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved
(the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate); one of the
key beliefs in Calvinism
PRINTING PRESS
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, in 1455; the first book printed
on it was the Bible.
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
The religious reform movement that divided the western Church
into Catholic and Protestant groups; in the 1500s, Martin Luther
began the Reformation, which lead to further religious change.
THE RENAISSANCE (ITALIAN)
Also known as the “rebirth”; it
originally took place in Italy
between 1350 and 1550 before
spreading to other parts of
Europe. To some, this period
marked the new age and the
rebirth of the ancient Greek and
Roman worlds.
The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci
“BLOODY MARY”
Mary was King Henry VIII’s
daughter by Catherine of Aragon.
In an attempt to restore England
to Roman Catholicism, she had
300+ Protestants burned, which
resulted in her nickname.
ALBRECHT DURER
German artist; he learned about
the laws of perspective from the
Italians after visiting twice.
DONATELLO
Donatello di Niccolo di Betto Bardi; an
Italian sculptor who studied the statues of
the Greeks and Romans; one of his famous
works includes a statue of Saint George.
FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
An Italian architect; designed
the church of San Lorenzo in
Florence which was modelled
after Roman buildings. Famous
for his creation of the dome in
the Florence cathedral.
GALILEO GALILEI
The first European to use a
telescope to make regular
observations of the sky. He
angered the Catholic church
with his belief that the Earth
was not the center of the solar
system, the sun was.
HENRY VIII
He was the king of England from
1509-1547 when he died. He had six
marriages and was known for his
role in the creation of the Church
of England.
IGNATIUS OF LOYOLA
A Spanish nobleman known for
founding the Society of Jesus
(Jesuits)
JOHANNES GUTENBERG
German inventor; invented the
printing press
JOHN CALVIN
Fled his homeland of France
after he converted to
Protestantism; published
Institutes of the Christian Religion,
which summarized protestant
thought; he believed in
predestination, that it was
already decided who would be
saved and who would be
damned.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
An Italian painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, scientist, and
mathematician; his most famous works include the Mona Lisa
and The Last Supper.
MARTIN LUTHER
Known for his Ninety-five Theses; he is one of the people who
started the protestant reformation; founded Lutheranism
MEDICI DYNASTY
Cosimo de’Medici took control of the city of Florence in 1434,
later his Grandson, Lorenzo de’Medici took over. The Medici
family ran the government when Florence was the cultural center
of Italy.
MICHELANGELO
An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect; his famous works
include the paintings in the Sistine Chapel in Roman and his
sculpture of David .
Sistine Chapel ceiling.
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
Author of The Prince, which
explains how to acquire and
keep political power.
RAPHAEL SANZIO
An Italian painter; well known for his frescos in the Vatican
Palace
The School of Athens in the Vatican Palace
SANDRO BOTTICELLI
An Italian painter well known for his painting titled The Birth
of Venus.