Download Chapter 3 The_Protestant_Reformation

The Protestant
Reformation
Mr. Snell
Part 1
Breakdown of Denominations
Early Reformers
John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
– Interested in authority of
clergy.
– People should be able to
interpret and read the Bible
on their own.
– Lived during Western
Schism (more than one
pope).
• This caused questioning about
Papal Authority.
Early Reformers Cont…
Jan Hus (1369-1415)
– He wanted Bishops
elected and not
appointed by Pope.
– At the Council of
Constance, he made his
case but he was burned
at the stake for his
beliefs.
– Spiritual leader of the
Moravian Church.
Early Reformers Cont…
Ideas of the Renaissance spread to Northern
Europe and combine with the religious
teachings of the North (more rural than Italy,
far from Rome and speak a non-Latin-based
language) to create Christian humanism aka
Northern Renaissance Humanism.
Even though the Renaissance in Italy was
definitely secular,, in Northern Europe, the
idea of the well educated individual who
could improve himself also meant that man
could improve himself spiritually (by being
able to read the Bible for himself) but first
this meant improving/ changing/reforming
the Catholic Church.
Thus even though the Renaissance itself was
a secular movement, ironically it changed
the religion – especially Christianity forever.
Early Reformers
Erasmus (1466-1536)
– “Erasmus laid the egg
that Luther hatched.”
– Erasmus is committed to
reforming the Church
from within.
He also believed in Catholic doctrines such
as that of free will (man makes choices
which will impact his salvation)
This meant that humans made
their own choices about right
and wrong and that their
actions in this life (living a
moral life) would impact their
lives AND their salvation more
than following the traditions of
the Church.
This brings Erasmus into conflict with the
Church because in order to achieve this there
would have to be a shift in the Church’s
thinking because at this time the Church is
concerned more with traditions (shrines,
pilgrimages, rituals, venerating relics, etc..)
than with showing people how to lead good
lives.
Some Protestant Reformers
rejected free will in favor of the
doctrine of predestination- that
God has already decided who
will be saved and who will not
be saved
Important Developments that aid the process
to Reformation!
The Printing Press!!!!
– Books are now available to
the masses not just the rich!
(Faster production=cheaper
books)
Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday
Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday
– People have access to
books whenever they
want them. First book
published by
Gutenberg?
• How does this relate to the
Reformation?
Language Barriers
Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew
the local common language or “vernacular”.
– Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation.
It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to
lay people BUT the ideas of the Renaissance (vernacular,
spreading of ideas, more educated people, the idea that
MAN matters, a desire for learning) lead people to want to
read the Bible for themselves
What happens to spark the Reformation?
Pope Leo X needs money
to build St. Peter’s
Basilica…so he sells
indulgences!
– Indulgences- were pardons
issued by the pope that
people could buy to reduce
a soul’s time in purgatory
= (People could buy
forgiveness) Meaning the
wealthy would have an
advantage getting into
heaven
Modern Devotion
This leads to a movement within the Church
called “Modern Devotion” which seeks to
focus on the teachings of Jesus rather than
the rituals of the Church as a way to be a
good Christian.
But as we will see this movement from
within the Church is not enough and the
protests grow as the Church hierarchy fails
to listen to reformers
What is the Protestant Reformation?
Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in
the 1500’s that split the Christian church in
western Europe and led to the establishment of a
number of new churches.
– People grew displeased with the Catholic Church’s…
• Financial Corruption
• Abuse of Power
• Immorality
Pt 2. Martin Luther
Luther was a German
monk and professor of
theology (religion) at the
University of Wittenberg.
One of the many leaders
of the Protestant
Reformation.
–
Luther objected to a saying
attributed to Johann Tetzel
that "As soon as the coin
in the coffer rings, the soul
from purgatory springs."
Luther’s 95 Theses
In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a
church door. They were written in Latin.
– Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH
CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT!
– Criticized:
1.Indulgences
2.Power of Pope
3.Wealth of Church
God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE!
– Catholic View: Good Works
The Bible is the ONLY valid
source of religious Truth (not the
rituals of the Church)
Luther kept only 2
sacraments (because they
were found in the Biblebaptism and communion.
Excommunication
In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
– Excommunication- expelled him from the
church.
– Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by the Edict
of Worms passed measures to suppress
Luther’s writings.
– Lutheran princes in Germany issued a
protestatio or protest.
• Hence the term Protestant!
Luther begins his own religious teachings
and church known as Lutheranism, - the
first Protestant church- which stresses that
salvation is only achieved through faith
(not good works).
Germany is in chaos and civil wars rage- first
between the peasants and nobility and
eventually the nobles amongst themselves
over the religion issue.
In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg ends the
conflict between the Catholics and Protestants
in Germany giving equal rights to both parties
and allowing the nobility of individual states
to decide the religion of their subjects.
Other Reformations Pt 3
Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
– Believed in a Theocracy
• A government in which church and state are joined
and in which officials are considered to be divinely
inspired.
• Zwingli also believes in removing all art/ decorations
etc… in the churches
• Aligns himself with Luther. In the Swiss religious
civil war Zwingli is wounded in battle, captured,
killed and his body is cut into pieces and he is
creamated.
John Calvin in Switzerland replaces Zwingli
believing in
Predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before
people are born, and therefore guides the lives
of those destined fore salvation.
Like Luther, Calvin believes that FAITH
alone is sufficient for “justification,” i.e. the
idea of being worthy of salvation by God
Their strong faith and their belief in
predestination led many Calvinists to believe
they were doing God’s work on earth (even
though Calvin stressed to them that NO ONE
could be absolutely certain of their salvation.
John Knox in Scotland is a
follower of Calvin
–Laid grounds for Presbyterian
Church
In England, the Reformation began
with the King!
King Henry VIII
– The king who had six wives…
• He wants a SON!
• He asks the Pope to anul (declare void) his
marriage and the Pope refuses so Henry
turns to the church authorities in England
and they rule in his favor. Henry’s split with
the Church has begun.
King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the
famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round
Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon
(from Spain) before she married Henry.
This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because
Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give
birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a
queen of England and restores the Catholic Church!
History knows her as Bloody Mary.
Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife. Catherine, a
Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many
years. Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the
face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the
course of history forever.
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother
of Queen Elizabeth I. Henry fell passionately in
love with Anne while married to Catherine of
Aragon. He waited several years to marry Anne,
but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she
became his Queen.
Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third
Queen. Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his
long-awaited male heir after one year of
marriage. Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife. This German
princess served as Queen for only a few months
before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual
consent.
Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife. Henry's
marriage to this sensuous teenager brought
him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy.
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen. This
intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking
Renaissance woman outlived three
husbands, including Henry, and went on to
finally marry the man of her choice.
The Reformation Parliament
a gathering in England in 1534 that led to
the decision that England was no longer
under the authority of the Pope.
Act of Supremacy
– Subjects were required to take an oath declaring
Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church
of England” a new Church is formed with
Henry as its leader.
Henry closes monasteries, sells Church
lands increasing his treasury rewarding
the loyalty of the nobility who join his
new religion and passes laws denying
Catholics the same rights as Anglicans.
Henry VIII dies in 1547 and leaves a mess- 3
claims to the throne.
His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward
Edward becomes King at 9 and only lives to be 16. Passes
numerous pro-Protestant laws/rules.
Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”
• Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of
Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in
England. She killed many protestants and had
approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake.
– Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor)
• Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years.
Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never
married…known as the Virgin Queen.
Anabaptists are separated from
other Christian groups on many
issues
1. They believe in complete
separation of church and State
(no pledges, participation in
wars, no political offices
2. They believed in ADULT
Baptism because being a
Christian is a voluntary
CHOICE that only adults are
capable of making
. Christians are a community of
believers who are EQUAL- this
meant anyone could become a
minister and ministers were
chosen by the church community
3
The Reformation also had a
huge impact on society in
Europe.
Impacted education- since the
Reformation came out of the
renaissance ideas of a well rounded
person, Martin Luther supported public
education so that more than the elites
could get an education (think about the
need to read for reading the Bible)
1.
Impacted marriage- which
increases because it is
promoted among the clergy
and lay people in a very
traditional manner- wives
subservient to husbands
2.
One area in which
Protestantism did NOT impact
society was in the area of
tolerance for other religious
groups (i.e. non-believers”).
Jewish people were
particularly impacted by
prejudice and discrimination.
In response to the
Reformation the Catholic
Church had its own
Catholic reformation (or
Counter-Reformation)
which occurred due to 3
factors
Establishment of the Society of Jesus or
Jesuits who were very progressive but
absolutely loyal to the Pope. They spread
their progressive (but very pro-Catholic
message to the masses through education).
Their ideas were spread because they
offered education to those who otherwise
could not afford it like free Catholic
Schools.
1.
2. Reform of the papacy (the
Pope’s role and power). The
Church spread the authority
and power out a bit- taking
some from the Pope and giving
some more to other Church
officials and lay people.
The Council of Trent- an 18
year long meeting to discuss
reforms in the Church and
clarified Church doctrines
3.
Among the decrees of Trent were the
following
1.Upholding the 7 sacraments of the
Church
2.Faith AND good works needed for
salvation
3.Clerical celibacy
4.Stronger belief in Purgatory
5.Support for the idea of indulgences
but NOT allowed to sell them