Download Middle Ages

Middle Ages
Chapter 13
I. Development of Germany
►
A.
Middle Ages: medieval period (AD
500-1500)
Invasions of Western Europe
1. Disruption of Trade
2. Downfall of cities
3. Population shifts
4. Decline of learning
5. Loss of common language
Development of Germany (cont’d)
B.
Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
1. Replaced Roman Provinces
2. Government changed from written laws
(Rome) to rule by tradition and loyalty to
German Chiefs
C.
Germans adopt Christianity
1. Missionaries
2. Monasteries
3. Rules for monks
II. Rulers of Germany
A.
Clovis: Leader of Franks (people from Gaul; est.
large kingdom)
► Spread Christianity
B.
Charles Martel: Mayor of Palace; unofficially
ruled kingdom
 Battle of Tours (ended Muslim threat to Europe)
► Carolingian Dynasty: ruled Franks from 751-987
C.
Pepin: CM’s son; anointed “King by the Grace of
God” by the Pope
Rulers of Germany (cont’d)
D.
Charlemagne: “Charles
the Great”
► Reunited Empire
(greatest since Rome)
► Defeated Muslims;
spread Christianity
► “Roman Emperor” by
Pope; signified joining of
Germanic Power, church,
and Roman heritage
► Greatest
accomplishment:
encouraged learning
Rulers of Germany (cont’d)
E.
Pope Gregory I
► Broadened Papal authority
► Became secular (worldly) leader (politics)
► Used church $ to raise armies, repair roads,
help poor, negotiate peace treaties
III. Attacks on Western Europe
A.
Vikings:
► Germanic peoples
from North
► Eric Bloodaxe,
Thorfinn Skullsplitter
► Fast raids, incredible
warships
► Reign of terror ended
when they converted
to Christianity;
warmer climate led to
ag. (1000)
Attacks on Western Europe (cont’d)
B.
Magyars and Muslims
► Magyars: nomadic peoples from East (800)
►
Superb horsemen
► Muslims: attacked from South
►
►
►
700: planned to conquer and settle
900: plundered
Struck from sea
* Attacks from all 3 caused widespread panic and
suffering. People stopped looking to central ruler and
looked to whoever could defend them
IV. Feudalism
►
►
►
Political system where nobles use land but
owe loyalty to the king
System has a lord (landowner) who grants
fief (land) to a vassal (person receiving
land) in exchange for military service and
protection
Knights: mounted horsemen who pledge
to defend their lord’s lands in exchange for
fief
Feudalism (cont’d)
Feudalism (cont’d)
► Serfs:
peasants; could not lawfully leave the
place they were born
 Majority of people
 Not slaves; could not be bought or sold
 What they produced belonged to the lord
Feudalism (cont’d)
► Manor:
lord’s estate; basic economic
arrangement
► Specifics
of the Manor
 Several square miles
 Contained house, church, workshops
 Self-sufficient
Feudalism (cont’d)
► Life
on the Manor:
 Lord gave serf: housing, farmland, and
protection
 In return, Serfs tended land, cared for animals,
maintained estate
 Peasants didn’t travel
 Paid taxes on everything (wood, grain, mill,
marriage, etc)
 Owed tithe: church tax
V. Standards & Technology of
Knights
► Technology:
 Stirrups, saddles
► Role:
defend territory of lord
► Code
of Chivalry:
 Display courage and loyalty
 Defend 3 masters: feudal lord, heavenly Lord,
and chosen lady
Standards & Technology of Knights
(cont’d)
► Training:
 Sons of nobles
 Age 7—sent to another castle
--Page: waits on hosts/ practices fighting skills
 14—squire: servant to a knight
 21—Full-fledged Knight
VI. Role of Women
► Most
powerless (like most men)
► Noblewomen:
 Could inherit estate
 Could send knights to war
 Act as commander and warrior (throws rocks
and arrows)
 Most limited; confined to house
Women (cont’d)
► Peasant
women:
 Majority
 Endless labor
VII. Literature
► Themes:
warfare
brutality of knighthood and
 Love stories
 Glorified chivalry
 Heroes (king Arthur)
► Troubadours:
traveling poet musicians
VIII. The Church’s Role
► Became
powerful b/c of weak central govt.
1. Structure: Pope= head of church
 clergy=bishops and priests
► Canon
Law: church law followed by everyone
► Sacraments: important religious ceremonies
► Manor
them
system divided people; church bonded
The Church’s Role (cont’d)
2. Power:
 When Charlemagne crowned Roman Emperor,
unknowingly set stage for future conflicts
► Otto
I: most effective ruler of Germany
 Invaded Italy b/c Pope said so
 Crowned Emperor of Holy Roman Empire:
strongest kingdom from Charlemagne's fallen
empire (Germany and Italy)
IX. Conflict with the Church
► Church
not happy that kings had control
over the clergy
► Lay Investure: ceremony where kings and
nobles appointed church officials
 Pope felt kings should not have that power
► Pope
1075
Gregory VII banned lay investure in
IX. Conflict with the Church
Pope Gregory VII bans lay
investiture
Lay investiture – King can determine
who the bishops of the church
King Henry IV demands that
pope resign
Gregory excommunicates
Henry
Henry begs for forgiveness
Gregory forgives him,
eventually
Conflict with the Church (cont’d)
► King
Henry IV: ordered Pope Gregory VII to
step down. Gregory refused and
excommunicated Henry.
► Henry
eventually forgiven
► Concordat
of Worms: compromise that
allowed church alone to appoint clergy, but
kings held a veto power.
X. Disorder
► By




1172, Germany needs a strong ruler
Choose Frederick I “Barbarosa”
Forceful personality, brutal tactics; invades Italy
Knights defeated by Italians (Battle of Legnano)
Fredrick I dies 1190; empire falls apart
► The
inability to unite the Germanic
kingdoms allows France and England to
establish strong central authorities.