Download DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE. Part VI.

DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE
A FOCUS ON SEARCH AND RESCUE
AFTER AN EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for
Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
PROXIMITY TO LATERAL
BLAST
IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC
FLOWS
IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS
(TEPHRA)
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
CASE HISTORIES
IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH
(AVIATION)
IN PATH OF LAVA AND
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
IN PATH OF A LAHAR
INADEQUATE EVACUATION
RISK ASSESSMENT
•NATURAL HAZARDS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION
COMMUNITY
FOUR PILLARS OF
RESILIENCE
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
•RECOVERY IENCE
A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN
A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES
ALLOW IT TO BECOME …
UN—PREPARED
UN—PROTECTED
UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
NON—RESILIENT IN THE RECOVERY
PHASE
THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER
RESILIENCE
3. EMERGENCY RESPONSE
(EVACUATION; MASS CARE; SEARCH
AND RESCUE; EMERGENCY MEDICAL;
EMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION;
LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND
INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE)…
VOLCANO HAZARDS
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
•
•
•
•
VERTICAL PLUME
ASH AND TEPHRA
LATERAL BLAST
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS
(AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS
• EARTHQUAKES (related to
movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER”
THE LAHAR
•Lahar – volcanic landslide
or mudflow; a mixture of
volcanic debris and water
that moves down slopes of the
volcano and stream valleys
with velocities of 30 to 60
miles/hour
EVACUATION IS CRITICAL FOR
SAVING LIVES AFTER A LAHAR
BECAUSE
IT ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO
MAKE A LIVE RESCUE DUE TO
THE HOT MIXTURE OF SOIL AND
ROCK THAT OVERWHELM
EVERYTHING
SEARCH AND RESCUE
OPERATIONS: Almost
impossible when a lahar
isolates or buries an entire
community.
THE CLASSIC EXAMPLE:
NEVADA DEL RUIZ,
COLOMBIA
1985
NEVADA DEL RUIZ, COLOMBIA:
NOVEMBER 11, 1985
The lahar generated by the
eruption of Nevada del Ruiz
buried 25,000 people in the
city of Armero as they slept.
NEVADA DEL RUIZ:
COLOMBIA; A 1985 DISASTER
ERUPTION OF MOUNT
PINATUBO
(VEI OF 6)
The Philippines
June 7, 1991
THE PHILIPPINES PLATE
• It is a unique
plate, because
it is surrounded
by subduction
zones.
s
MOUNT PENATUBO, THE
PHILLIPINES: JUNE 1991
• Mount Penatubo,
the 2nd largest
terrestrial
eruption of the
20th century,
generated 200+
destructive
lahars.
MOUNT PINATUBO
• Its summit is 1,745 m
above sea level but
only 600 m above
nearby plains and
200 m higher than
nearby peaks
• The indigenous Aeta
people live on its
slopes as huntergatherers
TIMELINE FOR DISASTER
• On July 16, 1990, a M7.8 earthquake hit
central Luzon. Its epicenter was 100 km
NE of Mt. Pinatubo
• On March 15, 1991, a series of
earthquakes took place on the NW side
of Mt. Pinatubo
• The number of earthquakes continued to
increase for 2 weeks
• On April 2, 1991, small eruptions began
and hundreds of small earthquakes
occurred every day.
TIMELINE (Continued)
• SO2 emission increased from 500
tons/day on May 13 to 5,000 tons/day on
May 28
• The first magmatic eruptions occurred
on June 3
• The first explosion on June 7 generated
a column of ash 7 km high
• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) predicted
a major eruption within 2 weeks
MOUNT PINATUBO:
April 1991
EVACUATION
• Evacuation of the 10
km zone began on
April 7
• Evacuation of the 1020 km zone containing 40,000 people
began on June 7
• Evacuation of the 2040 km zone contained
331,000 people began
on June 14
THE CLIMATIC ERUPTION
• The climatic eruption began at 13:42 on June
• The most violent phase lasted 3 hours and
generated a 34 km high eruption column
• The ash cloud covered 50,000 sq. miles
• The eruption ended 9 hours later at 22:30
15
LAHARS AND LOCAL EFFECTS
• In the first three
months after the
climatic eruption,
>200 lahars
occurred
• About 300 people
were killed,
mostly by roofs
collapsing under
the wet ash
School buried
Church buried
LAHARS AND LOCAL EFFECTS
• 364 communities and
2.1 million
people were
affected
• >8,000 homes
were
completely
destroyed
School buried
Church buried
MOUNT RAINIER
HAS EXPERIENCED OVER 600
LAHARS IN THE PAST
A FUTURE TIME BOMB FOR THE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, USA
DATE TO BE DETERMINED
WHAT MAKES A VOLCANO
ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS
• Location and a
large explosivity
index (VEI)
combine to make
some volcanoes
especially
dangerous.
LOCATION NEAR CITIES MAKES SOME
VOLCANOES VERY DANGEROUS
A lahar at some locations is
certain to be devastating to
people, their property, their
health, the community infrastructure, the environment, and
the economy.
MOUNT RAINIER:WASHINGTON:
SEATTLE ENDANGERED
COMPUTER MODEL OF MOUNT
RAINIER LAHAR
MOUNT RAINIER LAHAR
SIMULATION
MOUNT RAINIER LAHAR
SIMULATION
LAHAR DIVERSION
CHANNELS: CONTROL
• LAHARS CAN NOT
BE PREVENTED
FROM OCCURRING, BUT THEY
CAN BE DIVERTED
AWAY FROM
URBAN CENTERS.