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Name: ________________ Date: ______
Below are three barriers to learning
From the list of symptoms write two next to each barrier that
causes that symptom. (2 pts each)
1. Misunderstood words and symbols ____________
2. Learning at too steep of a pace_______________
3. Lack of a physical connection to subject; meaning a lack
of visuals or hands-on learning. _________________
1Blankness, 3eyes
hurt, 1feeling stupid,
1irritable,
3headache,
1wanting to get
away from subject,
2confused,
1disgusted, 3heavy
feeling, 1disoriented
Situation: A recent hurricane that hit the South will leave many without power for a
weeks. If they had a freezer full of frozen meat, what should they do to preserve
this meat? Give at least three methods. Assume there’s no where to buy ice or get
a electric generator and there’s no place cold to store it. (3 pts)
The following methods are good for preservation: Cooking, drying,
packing in salt, blend with spices, pickle with vinegar, expose to
UV light (black light/sunlight).
Situation: You are
hiking in the desert in
the winter and need to
start a fire, but have no
matches or lighter.
How would you start a
fire? Draw a picture
and label. (3 pts)
Wood or rock hand protector with
depression to hold top of spinning
stick
Spinning stick
Bow with string, shoe lace, or
fibers wrapped once around
spinning stick. Back and
forth motion spins stick.
Plank wood with depression and
notch for embers to drop onto
tender.
Situation: You are walking along a river bed and
find a dog tangled up in some tough nylon rope.
You tried to untie it but couldn’t and you don’t have
a knife to cut it. How can you make something
sharp enough to cut the rope? Describe and draw
a picture. (3 pts)
Throw or strike one rock against
another. If you get a concave break,
strike it again from an angle that may
produce a sharp edge.
This piece
may be sharp
enough
What are the building blocks of
clay?
SiO2*2H2O
Al2O3*2H2O
Clay is made of two layers. One layer is silicon and oxygen bonded to
water molecules. The other layer is aluminum and oxygen bonded to
water molecules. Other water molecules will fit between these layers
if the clay is wet.
All cultures mold pots and then place them in a fire.
What happens when clay is fired?
First, the water that was added to mold the
clay evaporates. Next, the water that was
bonded to the layers of silicon dioxide and
aluminum oxide gets driven off. The loss of
water causes the clay to shrink and the
layers to fuse. The clay will be hard and will
no longer be softened by water.
Be prepared to give the written name if
the formula is given and vice versa.
F2 Fluorine
Cl2 Chlorine
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
P2Br4 Diphosphorus tetrabromide
NO Nitrogen monoxide
Know what these
prefixes mean
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
mono- 1
di2
tri3
tetra- 4
penta- 5
hexa- 6
deca- 10
NO3 Nitrogen trioxide
N2O Dinitrogen monoxide
Where does the word,
“Chemistry” come from?
Chemistry is from
chemists, which is from
alchemists which came
from Al kemia (meaning
the black lands of Egypt)
This is where the
chemistry of
mummification was known.
Cl2O dichlorine oxide
On a personal level you experience electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Pick which one goes with which experience.
protons
neutrons
electrons
Matter
Anti-Matter
When light creates matter, two
particles are always formed. For
example, when an electron is formed,
an anti-electron is also formed, but its
What kind of light is capable of
proper name is a Positron
creating matter? Gamma
Protons, Neutrons, & Electrons
are building blocks for elements
Neutron
Proton
Rays
Elements are building
blocks for compounds.
Hydrogen
&
oxygen make water
4) Electrical attraction &
repulsion are primary forces
that cause elements to
combine. Protons & electrons
attract each other even when in
different atoms. This attraction
causes atoms to combine.
Electron
Write in the
number of
protons for
the below
elements
Helium atom
Elements
#
protons
Hydrogen
1
Helium
2
Lithium
3
Beryllium
4
Boron
5
____________________
Carbon
6
_____________________
Nitrogen
Oxygen
7
8
Even though elements are built by
using just three building blocks
(electrons, neutrons, and protons), a
variety of elements with vastly different
properties are created: Choose two
elements that differ by only one proton,
but appear very different.
Electrons can shape themselves into many shapes: True or False? True
Some of the electrons in your body could be at this moment on the moon: True or False? True
Electrons can go through barriers even though they don’t have the energy to do so: True or False? True
It is possible for you to walk into a wall and find yourself on the other side? True or False? True
Electrons repel each other: True or False? True
Electrons are attracted to protons: True or False? True
Elements can be said to be very diverse building blocks. How many compounds can elements make?
An almost infinite number of compounds
Compounds are often placed into 2 categories: Organic and Inorganic.
The Earth’s crust is mostly made of inorganic compounds. What are the three
most common elements in the Earth’s crust and their percentages (by weight)
in high to low order? Oxygen (50%), silicon (30%), aluminum (8%).
What element accounts for about half the weight of a mountain? Oxygen
What four metals are the next abundant in Earth’s crust? Iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
When you are walking on the ground, what predominant element are you standing on? Oxygen
When you walk on carpeting, what is the predominant element (by weight)? Carbon
When you walk on wood, what is the predominant element (by weight)? Carbon
When you walk on water, what is the predominant element (by weight)? Oxygen
(By number)? Hydrogen
Organic compounds are built around the element, carbon, and many have chains of this element.
Write down the
type of organic
compounds
built from the
elements
indicated
H
C
O
N
S
P
Hydrocarbons
Carbohydrates & Lipids
Amino acids & proteins
More amino acids & proteins
RNA, & DNA
Hydrocarbons are made from what two elements? Carbon and Hydrogen
Match the formula or description with the compound
B
D
A
E
C
CH4
CH3CH2CH3
6 to 10 carbon hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon with thousands of carbons
Hydrocarbon with about 20 carbons
a. Gasoline
b. Methane (natural gas)
c. Motor Oil
d. Propane
e. Polyethylene
Living things use small molecules as building blocks for larger molecules and large
compounds as building blocks for very large molecules (macromolecules).
What are the two small molecules that build sugars? Carbon dioxide and water
Wood is built primarily from cellulose, which is built from the 6-carbon sugar called glucose,
which is built from what three elements? Carbon, oxygen, & hydrogen
O C O
H
This sugar also forms chains in a slightly different arrangement that stores energy in plants.
What is that carbohydrate? Starch
What are the building blocks for proteins? Amino acids.
H
H
To the right is glycine. Circle the part that is the “amino” part and which is the “acid” part?
H
O
O
N C C O
H
H
Amino part
H
Acid part
Proteins have two purposes. Some build structures and others are for directing chemical
reactions. Keratin and collagen are proteins which type? They build structures.
Enzymes are proteins that direct chemical reactions. Their names usually end with what? -ase
Hemoglobin is a protein made for its chemical capability. What is its chemical specialty?
It can hold onto oxygen.
Oils and fats belong to the family of lipids. What are the building blocks
of lipids? Fatty acids
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
C C C C C C O
H
H
H
H H
Hydrocarbon=Fatty part
H
acid part
Abundance of elements
The website,
in the Earth’s crust
www.webelements.com
provides these 3-d graphs of
abundance of elements. What
elements predominate the
Earth’s crust?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
This galaxy is measured to be 30,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles away
and traveling 2,000,000,000 miles per year. How far was it from us
15,000,000,000 years ago? (d=vt): ______________________________
Abundance of Hydrogen in
ppb by wt
% Log ppb by atoms %
Universe 750,000,000
75 8.88 930,000,000 93
Earth’s crust
1,500,000 0.15 6.18 310,000,000 31
Sea water 107,800,000
11 8.03 662,000,000 66
What does “ppb” mean? ________________ Human 100,000,000
10 8.00 620,000,000 62
A) How do explain that 11% of the weight of sea water is hydrogen, but 66% of the
number of atoms in sea water is hydrogen?
Hydrogen is very light, so it their weight makes up a lower percent of total weight
B) In humans, hydrogen make up 10% of its weight and 62 out of 100 atoms in the
body. What compounds in the body have hydrogen (name at least 4)?
Water, lipids, sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, DNA.
C) What does the log of 8 mean? It means 10 to the 8th power or 100,000,000
Fused for Nuclear Fuel
Hydrogen (H)
Helium (4He)
Carbon (12C)
Neon (20Ne)
Oxygen (16O)
Silicon(28Si)
Fused during neutron core explosion
Created from neutron capture in Supernova
Main Products
4He
12C
16O, 20Ne, 24Mg
24Mg
28Si, 32S
56Fe, 56Ni
All elements less than Fe
All elements heavier than Fe
Temperature
4 million K
150 million K
1 billion K
2 billion K
3 billion K
4 billion K
10-100 billion K
4 billion K
A) What does the 12 mean in 12C?
It is the total of protons and neutrons in this isotope of carbon.
B) What temperature is oxygen created from carbon? And what other element is
needed? 1 billion degrees Kelvin, and helium is fused to the carbon.
C) Alchemists tried to turn common metals into gold and there are plenty of
websites still saying they can do that. They could if they did what? Placed
common metals in a supernova, or bombard metals with high energy
neutrons.