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Ancient Greece Vocabulary Geography • Strait -A narrow water passage • City-state -A central city and its surrounding villages who collectively follow a similar way of life • Polis -A term used to denote a city-state in ancient Greece such as Athens or Sparta • Acropolis -The fortified center of a city-state, often found on elevated ground • Athens -City-state in ancient Greece focused on education and creativity • Sparta -City-state in ancient Greece focused on war Geography • Crete – an island southeast of mainland Greece where a pre-Greek civilization grew between 2600 – 2000 BCE • Colony-an area that is controlled by or belongs to a country and is usually far away from it Religion (Mythology) • Polytheism - Belief in many gods • Zeus - Father of the Gods • Athena -Goddess of wisdom and warfare and guardian of Athens Accomplishments (history) • Trojan War -A ten-year long conflict between the people of the ancient cities of Sparta and Troy about which the Illiad is written. The authenticity of this conflict and the myth it inspired (the Trojan Horse) have been in doubt for thousands of years. Recently, ruins of what many believe to be the ancient city of Troy were discovered along the Turkish coast. • Peloponnesian War – A war between Athens and Sparta – 431 – 404 BCE • Olympics -Athletic competitions held between various city-states to honor Zeus Accomplishments (Architecture) • Doric, Ionic and Corinthian - The three orders of the classic style of architecture famously used in ancient Greece – Doric Ionic Corinthian • Parthenon -Temple on the Acropolis dedicated to the goddess Athena Accomplishments (Literary) • Homer -An ancient Athenian who lived in the dark ages and is credited with writing the Odyssey and the Illiad • Tragedy - a serious drama that has a sorrowful or disastrous ending. Political • Monarchy - Rule by a king or queen, often kept within a particular family, passed down from father to son • Aristocracy - Rule by a wealthy elite class. In the case of ancient Athens, this consisted of landholding, wealthy, adult Athenian males. • Oligarchy - Rule by a small business class • Democracy - System of government where all individuals have a say in the decisions that affect them. • Assembly-a group of people who make and change laws for a government or organization • Tyranny-government ruled by a tyrant Economic • Agora – a large open market place found in all ancient Greek city-states. • Trade-the activity or process of buying, selling, or exchanging goods or services Social • Philosopher – people who studied the processes that governed thought, perception and morality • Socrates - Athenian who is widely considered the father of Western philosophy • Plato - Student of Socrates, writer of philosophy, and founder of the Academy in Athens • Aristotle - Student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great who helped organize the thoughts that led to the foundation of Western philosophy Social • Oracle – a prophetess – who was thought to be the human voice of Apollo • Tyrant – a person with absolute supreme power that ruled the city-states • Alexander the Great - Macedonian king who created one of the largest empires of the ancient world