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Eukaryotic cells • true nucleus and organelles • plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotes Prokaryotic cells • lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles • bacteria Cell membrane -passage of materials into and out of the cell Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA Nucleolus – produces ribosomes Mitochondria- cell energy Ribosome- protein synthesis Vacuole- cell storage Lysosome- cell digestion Endoplasmic reticulumchemical synthesis Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall Chloroplasts (plants only)photosynthesis Centrioles (animals only) - cell division Cilia – short hair like structures Flagella – long whip like tails All organisms are made up of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms. All cells come from other cells all ready in existence. Cell Tissue – functioning group of cells Organ – functioning group of tissues Organ System – functioning group of organs Organism – functioning group of organ systems Homeostasis Steady State Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your internal environment Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a lower concentration Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane Passive transport is the movement of materials without energy Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion Active Transport requires energy Pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis Elements Carbohydrates C,H,O C,H,O,N,S C,H,O,N,P Nucleotides C,H,O Ex-butter, oil Proteins Ex-meat, cheese Nucleic Acids Ex-DNA,RNA Uses MonoEnergy saccharides Fatty Acids Energy & glycerol Amino Acids Structure, Ex-sugar,starch Lipids Building Blocks growth & repair Genetic Information 6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Occurs in chloroplasts Two parts: Light reaction Calvin cycle (dark reaction) Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use. Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) . The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy Occurs in the mitochondria Two types: Aerobic – requires oxygen Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Inseparable cycles The Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis PMAT Cytokinesis Somatic Cells Reproductive Cells ASEXUAL Diploid cells produced by mitosis, binary fission Identical copy produced SEXUAL Gametes, haploid cells, produced by meiosis Gametes combine during fertilization to produce diploid cell First diploid cell known as a zygote Zygote grows into an embryo through mitosis Infinite possibilities DNA - blueprint for life Double helix Nucleotides are the building blocks Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and 4 bases: Adenine - Thymine Cytosine – Guanine Copies itself by Replication DNA Deoxyribose Thymine Double stranded Found only in nucleus RNA Ribose Uracil Single stranded Transcription mRNA copies the message from DNA in the nucleus Translation Forms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a flower’s color may be red of white (trait). An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene. Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS. Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS. A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd). PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks. GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism. A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen when a male and a female reproduce. Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are dominant over the others Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on form of the allele Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles segregates independently during the formation of the egg or sperm Gene mutations – affect individual genes Substitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different amino acid Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different amino acid chain Chromosomal mutations – affect entire chromosome Duplication – extra chromosome Deletion – missing chromosome Inversion – chromosome reattaches backwards Translocation – segment of chromosome attached to another pair Forensics - DNA sequence of every person is unique and can be used for identification Medicine-Diagnosis of genetic diseases and the development of cures and gene therapy Agriculture-Using genetic technology, plants are mutated to improve disease resistance and crop output Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting to their environment also known as survival of the fittest Evidence Fossil record Antibiotic resistance Adaptations Vestigial organs Homologous structures Embryonic development Genetic makeup Taxonomy – classification of organisms based on structure, behavior, development, genetic make-up Evolutionary theory is the basis for taxonomy Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Aristotle first classified plants and animals Carolus Linnaeus developed basis of system used today Eubacteria – the earliest Archaebacteria – closest to eukaryotes Protista – most diverse, all other eukaryotes evolved from protista Fungi – decomposers Plantae – producers Animalia – Invertebrates & Vertebrates Individual Population Ecosystem Population – group of a single species living in the same place Communities - group of interacting populations Ecosystem – the community and its environment Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities Biosphere – the circle of life Climate – temperature and rainfall 6 major biomes Tundra Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest Amount of light, oxygen and salinity Lakes Ponds Wetlands ▪ Marshes ▪ Swamps ▪ Estuaries Coral Reefs Deep Ocean Food Chains – one path of energy flow Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community Food Space Water Air Shelter Saprovores Saprovores or Carnivores Carnivores Carnivores Herbivores or omnivores Herbivores Predation + - Predator kills the prey for food Competition - - both compete for same resources Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed