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Transcript
Cloning L.O: To understand the process of cloning D. Crowley, 2007 Read the cloning article. Do you think it is pro or anti? What do these people have in common? What do these people have in common? What do these have in common? Cloning • What is a clone? Is it natural? • Exact copies of organisms are called clones - they have identical genetic information as the organism they were cloned from • Cloning is the production of genetically identical copies • Clones frequently occur naturally, but they can also be produced artificially 1. Cloning Plants • Plants are easy to clone - gardeners often take cuttings to grow new plants which are clones. They often use hormone rooting powders to encourage them to grow. • Cloning is an example of asexual reproduction (where genetic information comes from just one parent). 2. Tissue Culture e.g. plants and skin grafts What is the advantage of this method? And what is a disadvantage? Plants Pros & Cons • Cloning of plants is very important commercially - successful varieties of plants can be produced on a large scale in a short space of time • Can you think of any pros / cons of plant cloning? Advantages of plant cloning Disadvantages of plant cloning Lots of new plants can be grown in a short time period All plants have the same genetic information - all are vulnerable to the same disease / pest Conditions can be precisely controlled No new beneficial characteristics will arise (as they do by chance naturally) All new plants get the characteristics you want - e.g. disease resistant No variation causes the gene pool (no. of genes in a population) to be reduced 3. Embryo Transplant This method allows you to produce more than 1 clone from 1 embryo. You can even select the features you want by choosing the sperm and egg initially. 1. Divide a fertilised embryo into several individual cells. 2. Each cell grown into an identical embryo in the lab. 3. The embryos are transferred to host mothers which have been given hormones to get them ready for pregnancy. 4. Identical cloned calves are born (not related to the mothers). 4. Fusion Cell Cloning E.g Dolly the sheep: - http://learn.genetics.utah.ed u/content/tech/cloning/click andclone/ 1. An egg cell was removed from the ovary of an adult female sheep, and the nucleus removed. 2. The empty egg cell was fused with DNA extracted from an udder cell of a donor sheep by electric shock. 3. The fused cell now began to develop normally, using the donated DNA 4. Before the dividing cells became specialised the embryo was implanted into the uterus of a foster-mother sheep - the result was Dolly, genetically identical to the donor sheep. Animals Cloning Pros & Cons • Animal cloning has potential uses in both farming and medicine (for protein synthesis (manufacturing proteins), gene therapy (adding / replacing specific genes to treat diseases) and organ donation (e.g. kidneys from pigs which can be used in humans)) Advantages of animal cloning Disadvantages of animal cloning Allows you to check the embryo for defects No new beneficial characteristics will arise (as they do by chance naturally) Allows you to choose the sex and time of birth All animals have the same genetic information - all equally vulnerable to the same disease or predator Exact copies of the ‘best’ animal can be made year after year (selective breeding) No variation causes the gene pool (no. of genes in a population) to be reduced Could be used in saving endangered species from extinction Animal welfare concerns - cloned animals tend to die young* *Interestingly cells seem to ‘know’ their age - so a cloned animal, although just born, on a cellular basis is as old as its donor parent! Cloning Cauliflower 1. Using the sterile forceps pick up a piece of cauliflower and put both into the bleach for 10 minutes 2. Using the forceps move the cauliflower to solution 1 and leave for 1 minute 3. Repeat step 2 twice more into solution 2 and 3. 4. Quickly move the cauliflower to the growth medium and cover it with the foil immediately How could you clone a frog? Select the best method from tissue culture, embryo transplant or fusion cell (adult cell cloning). Describe a step by step method using diagrams and writing.