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What we know? All forms of life have their own DNA DNA is the unit of inhertance DNA blueprint for our bodies Know structure of DNA and how it replicates Know how DNA is distributed evenly in Mitosis When a cell is dividing, DNA winds up tightly and forms chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell. The genes are contained within the chromosome. • During the 1800s most people believed that traits were caused by a blending of traits from our parents. • Mendel did not believe this and set out to find out how we inherit our traits. DNA is the basis for inheritance…. • What are traits? • How are traits inherited Inheritance of Traits through Sexual Reproduction • Male and female reproductive cells join to form the new zygote or embryo. . Fertilization: When sperm with half the genetic information join with an egg containing half the genetic information form a whole new ??? o zygote. '' Zz ??? Unique Individual. Fig. 3.9b Important Concepts to take away from this presentation. • Who was Mendel and what were his contributions? • What is the unit of heredity? • What is the difference between fertilization and pollination? • Know the flower parts and the function of each part. Gregor Mendel • Gregor Johann Mendel was born on July 22, 1822 to peasant parents in a small farm village in Czechoslovakia. • As a monk, Mendel used Math and Scientific method to study inherited characteristics of garden peas. • Mendel, the first person to trace the characteristics of successive generations of a living thing, Mendel Grew Generations and Generations of Garden Peas to observe inherited characteristics. Mendel picked common garden pea plants because 1. they can be grown easily in large numbers and their reproduction can be manipulated. 2. Inexpensive and many generations can be grown in short period of time in small place 3. Pea plants have both male and female reproductive organs. As a result, they can either self-pollinate themselves or cross-pollinate with another plant. Mendel observed seven traits that are easily recognized and apparently only occur in one of two forms: Two Processes you need to understand: Pollination The transfer of pollen (male gamete) to the female structure of the flower. to reach the egg. Fertilization: When sperm with half the genetic information join with an egg containing half the genetic information form a whole new Unique Individual. What happened to the gene for white flowers? He did not stop there! • But took the First Generation (F1) and crossed them… In cross-pollinating plants that either produce yellow or green peas exclusively, Mendel found that the first offspring generation (f1) always has yellow peas. However, the following generation (f2) consistently has a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green. Mendel came to three important conclusions from these experimental results: 1. that the inheritance of each trait is determined by "units" or "factors" (now called genes) that are passed on to descendents unchanged 2. These units come in different forms called alleles 3. His Second conclusion was the principle of dominance. Some alleles are dominant over others. 4. His Third conclusion was the law of segregation. When the white flower showed up again in the next generation he knew that the units must separate independently so they can show up in the next generation. (In plants and animals… ) Somatic cells (cells of the body) are diploid. This means that each cell has two chromosomes of each type. They are in PAIRS. Biologists use “2N” to symbolize diploid. Gamete cells (egg, sperm) are haploid. This means that each cell has only one of each type of chromosome. Biologists use “1N” to symbolize haploid. DNA is the molecule that transfers hereditary information from one cell to the next. This is a model of the double helix shape of DNA. A karyotype is a picture showing the arrangement of a full set of chromosomes. Humans have 46 (or 23 pairs) of chromosomes A karyotype is a picture showing the arrangement of a full set of chromosomes. Humans have 46 (or 23 pairs) of chromosomes Why are the chromosomes in pairs? - One set of chromosomes from the female parent - One set of chromosomes from the male parent This means that each individual contains TWO COPIES of every gene in their genome! If an individual is made by the fusing together of a sperm and an egg cell, how many copies are in the sperm and the egg cell?? Can there be two?? He wondered what it was that gave organisms their characteristics. Why is this flower so different from the first? • Most people believed that traits or characteristics are blends from the parents. • Mendel did not accept this idea. • During his childhood he worked as a gardener and learned quite a lot about flowering plants. He decided to work with pea plants, not only because of his knowledge of them but also • . because They were inexpensive He could grow lots in a small space and He could control which plants pollinated another Important Concepts to take away from this presentation. • Who was Mendel and what were his contributions? • What is the unit of heredity? • What is the difference between fertilization and pollination? • Know the flower parts and the function of each part. Pollination • Transfer of Pollen from male part to female part of the plant. Mendel’s Contributions • Using the garden peas for his subject, Mendel's studies in "plant hybridization" proved the existence of paired units of heredity (now called genes). • He also established the statistical laws governing them. • But his work was so brilliant and unprecedented at the time it appeared that it took thirty-four years for the rest of the scientific community to catch up to it. • What information should you take away from this presentation? Quiz Yourself • Who was Mendel and what were his contributions? • What is the unit of heredity? • What is the difference between fertilization and pollination? • Know the flower parts and the function of each part. What is Next? • We will look at Mendel’s observations to understand how he came up with his conclusions.