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Organic Chemistry Macromolecules 1 1. Compounds that are derived from living things are called organic compounds. All __________ organic compounds contain the carbon element ___________. Compounds that are not derived from living things are called inorganic _____________ compounds. 2. Carbon is important in living organisms because it can form four different bonds on each ______ atom. It can form single, double, and triple bonds _________________________ and these bonds can create long chains and rings __________________. 3. A macromolecule is a large molecule and is also called a polymer A polymer is made __________. formed when many smaller monomers bond molecules or ___________ together. 4. The process that forms polymers is called polymerization and happens ________________ when a water molecule is removed from two monomers. • Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H HO H H2O HO H 6 5. The process that breaks down polymers into monomers is called hydrolysis ___________ and happens when a water molecule is added back to the polymer. • Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H H2O HO H HO H 8 6. The four macromolecules found in organisms are: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids 7. Carbohydrates _______________ are the main energy source for our bodies. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of C-H-O in a carbohydrate is 1:2:1. Ex-C6H12O6 The monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides or called ___________________ simple sugars _______________. 8. There are three main types of carbohydrates. monosaccharides _________________ are single sugars or simple sugars. Ex- glucose, galactose, fructose disaccharides are double sugars or a – ______________ combination of two monosaccharides. sucrose Ex-________(table sugar) is glucose + lactose fructose ________(milk sugar) is glucose + galactose – c. Polysaccharides are 3 or more sugars cellulose in combined together. Ex- _________ glycogen in animals. plants and _________ Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose 13 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose) – Lactose (glucose+galactose) – Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose glucose 14 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose 15 Lipids are macromolecules that 9. ______ also contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are commonly called fats, oils and waxes Lipids are ____________________. used for long term energy storage in living things as well as insulation, shock absorbers and protective coatings. The monomers of lipids are three fatty acid chains and one _______________________________ glycerol _________ Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H O H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O fatty acids H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH 2 2 2 H glycerol 17 10.There are two types of fatty acids that are found in lipids. _________ fatty acids are derived Saturated from animals and are solid at room temperature. They form more ______ single bonds in their Unsaturated_fatty acids chains. ___________ are derived from plants and are liquid at room temperature. double bonds They form more _______ in their chains. Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) O saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH 19 11.Proteins are macromolecules that are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. They form tissues, organs, hair, skin, _______________________________ scales, hooves and fingernails ___ _________________________. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. The bonds in between amino acids that hold them together are called peptide bonds. ________ Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds 22 Enzymes are special proteins 12._________ that speed up chemical reactions in your body. They are _________. catalysts 13. The molecule that the substrate enzymes is called the _________. The enzyme will change shape so that the substrate can be broken down into its component parts more easily. The enzyme is not affected and can be used again on the same type of substrate. Each enzyme fits specifically to one type of substrate. 25 14.Enzymes and the molecules that they act upon fit together lock and key The like a “_____________”. _________ enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key. __________ Nucleic acids are polymers 15.______________ that have nucleotides as their monomers. Ex-DNA and RNA 16.Nucleotides are composed of a _______________________________ 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group _________________. and nitrogen base Nucleotide Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N C1 C4 Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Sugar (deoxyribose) C3 C2 28 5 DNA - double helix O 3 3 O P 5 O C G 1 P 5 3 2 4 4 2 3 1 P T 5 A P 3 O O P 5 O 3 5 P 29 16.DNA and RNA control the proteins in your production of ________ body. They hold all the information to pass traits from generation to the next. one ___________