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GENETIC CONCEPTS
Výukový materiál GE 02 - 38
Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková
Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller
Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů
Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005
Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR
TERCIE 2014
GENETIC CONCEPTS
chromosome:
 created by DNA molecules
 molecules are helically coiled
 they are coiling around proteins
 proteins are called histons
 in their mass is hidden program for
formation of cells in the body
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GENETIC CONCEPTS
chromosomes:
 in the nucleus of somatic (body) cell
there are two chromosome sets
 one set of male origin
 one set of female origin
 each chromosome is actually twice
here
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GENETIC CONCEPTS
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one chromosome originates from the mother
the other chromosome originates from the father
each chromosome has already made a copy
(DNA replication)
woman has sex chromosomes identical XX
man has sex chromosomes different XY
sex of an individual is determined by the sperm
that fertilizes the egg
GENETIC CONCEPTS
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chromosome is visible in the
electron microscope
 best visible by the cell division
cell division : mitosis or meiosis
 typical for organism: number,
shape and size
 so called karyotype
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GENETIC CONCEPTS
in the nucleus of somatic (body) cell
there are 46 chromosomes
2 sets of 23 chromosomes > they make
up pairs
 in the nucleus of sex cell (gamete)
there are 23 chromosomes
 gametes originate in sexual organs
 they originate by a special division =
reduction division = meiosis
GENETIC CONCEPTS
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result of the reduction division is only one set
of chromosomes
 usual condition (46 chromosomes) arises
after fusion of nuclei
fertilization > restoration duplication of
genetic information
 one gene of male and one of female origin
give rise to a particular feature
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GENETIC CONCEPTS
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features:
all what is the difference between the organisms
> their structure and properties
features are the concrete expression of our
inherited talents
features are e.g.:
body height
skeleton structure
hair colour, colour of eyes
artificial talent
GENETIC CONCEPTS
genes:
 basic unit of heredity
 genes
 differently long sections of nucleic acid
 2 types
 DNA
 RNA
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GENETIC CONCEPTS
DNA:
 right-handed double helix
 is to be found:
 in the nucleus
 in mitochondria
 in chloroplasts
 v cytoplasm by prokaryotic cells
 they can copy or replicate themselves
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GENETIC CONCEPTS
RNA
 3 types of RNA:
 mRNA - arises by
transcription from
DNA
 rRNA - forms
ribosome
 tRNA - transfers
amino acids
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WORKSHEET
IS THIS DNA OR RNA ?
SOURCES
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HANČOVÁ, Hana. Biologie v kostce 1: Obecná biologie. Mikrobiologie.
Botanika. Mykologie. Ekologie. Genetika. 2. vyd. Havlíčkův Brod:
Fragment, 1999, 112 s. ISBN 80-720-0340-2.
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DOBRORUKA, Luděk J. Přírodopis: Obecná biologie. Mikrobiologie.
Botanika. Mykologie. Ekologie. Genetika. 1. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2000,
.
159 s. ISBN 80-718-3167-0