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Concept Map for DNA Chapter 16 Structure Early Experiments GENERAL Griffith – how did his experiment work, what did it prove? What is transformation Double helix (monomer/polymer) 3 important functions of DNA Parts of nucleotide Where is DNA in cell? Oswald Avery – how did this experiment work, what did it confirm? Backbone of molecule DNA stores the codes for making what? Hershey/Chase – experimental design, bacteriophage, E. coli, radioactive markers (isotopes), two parts of a virus? Base pairing rules (ACTG) Chargaff – proportions of A=T and C=G Discovery of DNA structure •Watson and Crick •Rosie Franklin •X-ray Crystallography Hydrogen bonding (purine and pyrimidine) Sides of ladder/rungs (5’ and 3’ What is a gene? Why doesn’t DNA leave the nucleus? DNA – Chapter 16 Replication •Why replicate? •Semi-conservative •Identify parent and daughter •Enzymes involved (6) •Okazaki fragments •3’ and 5’ – antiparallel •Polymerase builds in 5’-3’ direction •Replication fork •Replication bubble •Leading/Lagging strands Concept Map for DNA and Protein Synthesis 17 Types of RNA Translation Uses mRNA formed during What are the chemical Central Dogma Flow of genetic information DNA to RNA to protein Proteins carry out specific functions in body, form enzymes, responsible for physical differences (phenotypes) Gene holds the information for making a specific protein differences between RNA and DNA tRNA-has anticodons on one end and amino acid on other mRNA-has codons (triplet code) and uses U instead of T. rRNA – ribosome made of RNA and protein, large and small subunits How are genes expressed? Protein Synthesis Chap. 17 Protein •Amino acids are monomers (20 AAs) – chain of AAs is a polypeptide •Bond between amino acids called peptide bond •After protein is formed it is shaped and folded in order to carry out a specific function transcription Where does translation happen within the cell? How does translation differ from transcription Three types of RNA come together Ribosome is protein factory that combines mRNA and tRNA (initiation, elongation, termination) Translate genetic code Identify amino acids Transcription •DNA to mRNA •Enzyme is RNA polymerase •Occurs in the nucleus •Way for DNA to send genetic codes •mRNA is processed before leaving nucleus •What is the difference between introns/exons? •5’ cap and poly A tail •Transcribe genetic code