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The Chemistry of Molecular Biology Mary O’Brien September 23, 2003 Chemical Structures of Cells • Proteins – Amino Acids • Nucleic Acids – Nucleotides • Polysaccharides – Monosaccharides The Basics of Amino Acids • 20 amino acids • All amino acids in nature are L form • Structure consists of Ca, to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a • Amino acids are classed variable group according to their R group From Amino Acids to Protein peptide bond isoleucinylphenylalanylalanine ILE-PHE-ALA peptide bond The Structure of Nucleotides • Common structure of phosphate group, base, five-carbon sugar • Sugar is either DNA or RNA • Bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA) base phosphate group sugar Nucleotides Build Nucleic Acids • 1’ carbon atom of sugar attaches to nitrogen of purine or pyrimidine • Acidic nature due to phosphate group • Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds The Simplicity of Monosaccharides • Carbohydrates of combinations of carbon and water in a one-to-one ratio • Except for fructose, all sugars are in nature are D form • D-Glucose (C6H12O6) is primary energy source The Complexity of Polysaccharides • Disaccharides are simplest polysaccharides • Anomeric carbon of one sugar molecule is linked to hydroxyl oxygen of another sugar molecule • Polysaccharides can contain dozens to hundreds of monosaccharides Biological Macromolecules • Multiple small molecules are covalently linked to form polymers • Amino acids make proteins, nucleotides form nucleic acids, and polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides