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Selected Topic E: Hormones Milbank High School Objectives To learn about hormones… The Endrocrine System Synthesize hormones (chemical messengers) Pituitary gland Thyroid Adrenal Chemical Structure of Hormones Three types Amino acid derivatives Peptide hormones insulin Steroid hormones Sex hormones Adrenaline All are lipids Adrenocortical Hormones Use cholesterol to be produced Aldosterone Regulate exchange of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions Cortisol Inhibit inflammatory response Regulate metabolic reactions Sex Hormones Androgens Progesterone Estrogen Very small structural differences Anabolic Steroids: Natural Testosterone In addition to being a sex hormone: Prevents osteoporosis Increased energy 20-30 more times more in males than females Derived from cholesterol Anabolic Steroids: Synthetic “Androgens” Used by athletes (i.e. Barry Bonds) Stimulate protein synthesis in skeletal muscles Must be injected directly into muscles Many side effects Androstenedione Designer Steroids THG “the clear” or “the cream” (Tetrahydrogestrinone) Used to get around drug tests “composition of testosterone and epitestosterone designed to increase the natural level of the steroid testosterone while not disrupting the ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone, a common metric used in traditional drug tests.” HGH Contraceptives Progesterone Progestins Mimics pregnancy “Morning after” pill Blocks production of progesterone Not approved for use in US