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Herd Health –
Vaccination & Disease Prevention
Jeremy Powell, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor
University of Arkansas
Dept. of Animal Science
Basic Principles of Immunology
INNATE
The
Immune
System
NOT antigen specific
NO memory
ACQUIRED
Antigen specific
Memory
Innate Immune System
• Physical barriers – skin, mm
• Chemical protection – tears, saliva, acid
• Primary cell types
– Myeloid cells
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
– Macrophages
Measured by:
Differential cell numbers
Chemotactic activity
Phagocytic activity
Acquired Immune System
• Cellular Immune Response
– T lymphocytes
• TH
• TC
Longer Lasting
• Humoral Immune Response
– B lymphocytes (Plasma cells)
Antibody production
Acquired Immunity
• Active immunity
– Natural
– Artificial
• Passive immunity
Biologicals and Pharmaceuticals
Biologicals and Pharmaceuticals
• Biologicals
– Made up of bacterins and vaccines
– A bacterin/vaccine is a suspension of killed or
weakened microorganisms
• Killed Vaccine
– Has no self-replicating microorganisms
• Modified Live Vaccines
– Contain microorganisms that have been weakened through
culturing and laboratory procedures
Biologicals and Pharmaceuticals
• Pharmaceuticals:
– Are medicinal drugs.
– Contain no live or killed microorganisms
– Are used to treat a variety of health related
conditions
– Almost every pharmaceutical has a withdrawal
period
– Example: Antibiotics such as LA-200
Types of Drug Use
• Labeled Use: Using the drug EXACTLY as it is specified on
this label. Medicated feed may only be used as directed by the
label. Labeled use is legal and the type of use most producers
use!
• Off Label: The PRODUCER uses drugs on their own in a
manner other than what is stated on the label without
veterinarian guidance. This is ILLEGAL!!
• Extra Label: The VETERINARIAN prescribes a drug to be
used in a manner other than what’s on the label. This is legal
and is used when a good veterinarian-client-patient relationship
exists.
Vaccination
• Vaccination is a good “protection” tool
• Active immunity engaged through vaccinations
with biologicals
• Vaccination is for prevention of disease
– Prevention of disease is cheaper than treatment of
disease
Points to Ponder
• Best Time to Vaccinate??
• When do you need the most protection?
• Before disease exposure occurs
– Takes 5-7 days for protection with most
modified-live vaccines
– Killed vaccines require a booster within 2-4
weeks of initial vaccination to obtain adequate
protection levels
• Don’t expect to vaccinate one day and get
protection the next day
Points to Consider?
• What kind of vaccine?
– Killed
– Modified-Live
– Autogenous
• Advantages vs. Disadvantages
Killed Vaccines
• Viruses, bacterins, toxoids
– 1st dose to sensitize
– 2nd dose to produce immunity
• Two doses required
Two dose response curve
Killed Vaccine
• Advantages
– Does not replicate in the animal
– Safer to use in pregnant animals
• Disadvantages
– Most require boosters
– Tissue irritation at vaccination site
Modified-Live Vaccines
• Advantages
– Usu. requires one injection
– Lower $$$, smaller dose
– Less irritation at injection site
– Longer immunity
• Disadvantages
– May cause abortion in pregnant animals
– Shouldn’t use on calves nursing preg. cows
– Stress from mild form of disease
Reasons for
Vaccine Failure
• Human Error:
– Not following directions on the label!
– Disinfectant used on syringes
– Mixing several products together
– Vaccinating at the wrong time – interval
More Reasons for Vaccine Failure
• Vaccine Factors:
– Improper storage of vaccine
– Use and restore
More Reasons for Vaccine Failure
• Host Factors:
– Some animals don’t respond
More Reasons for Vaccine Failure
• Host Factors:
– Severe challenge
Recommended & Optional Vaccines
• Vaccine & est. cost per head:
– Recommended:
– 5-Way (IBR, BVD, PI3, BRSV) = $1.50 (all)
– Blackleg (7-way) = $0.45 (all)
– Leptospirosis & Vibriosis = $0.75 (cows)
– Optional:
– Pasteurella = $2.20 (calves)
– Scours = $3.20 (cows)
– Pinkeye = $0.85 (all)
Why Precondition?
• Opportunity to  profits
• Benefits Both Buyer and Seller
– Seller will receive additional value on calves
– Buyer realizes improved health and gain
performance
• Improve the welfare of our cattle
Pre-Con Protocol
• Requirements differ between sales
– Wean Vac vs. VAC 45
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Process 2-4 wks before wean or at wean
5-way: IBR, BVD Types 1&2, PI-3, BRSV
Blackleg – 7 way or 8 way
Past./H.somnus
Dewormer
Castrating, dehorn
Revac. in 2-6 wks.
Economics of Preconditioning
Outcome of AR Precon Calf sales
Cost & Returns
Gross Return
Death Loss
Labor
Veterinary Costs
Other costs
Hay/Feed/Mineral/Pasture
Value/calf
$88.99
- $0
- $6.87
- $17.83
- $10.19
- $33.10
Total Net Return
$21.00
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