Download Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
9
Cellular Respiration
and Fermentation
Clicker Questions by
Scott Meissner
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cellular respiration can best be described as
a) using energy released from breaking high-energy
covalent bonds in organic molecules to force ATP
formation from ADP and phosphate.
b) taking electrons from food and giving them to
phosphate to make ATP.
c) taking electrons from food and giving them to
oxygen to make water and using the energy
released to drive ATP formation.
d) converting higher-energy organic molecules to lowerenergy organic molecules and using the energy
released to drive ATP formation.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cellular respiration can best be described as
a) using energy released from breaking high-energy
covalent bonds in organic molecules to force ATP
formation from ADP and phosphate.
b) taking electrons from food and giving them to
phosphate to make ATP.
c) taking electrons from food and giving them to
oxygen to make water and using the energy
released to drive ATP formation.
d) converting higher-energy organic molecules to lowerenergy organic molecules and using the energy
released to drive ATP formation.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is
true?
a) It splits water.
b) It produces FADH2.
c) It occurs in the cytoplasm.
d) It makes the most ATP
compared to the two
other steps.
e) It splits lipids.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is
true?
a) It splits water.
b) It produces FADH2.
c) It occurs in the cytoplasm.
d) It makes the most ATP
compared to the two
other steps.
e) It splits lipids.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements about the citric acid
cycle is true?
a) It occurs during the movement from the cytosol
through the mitochondrial membranes.
b) It makes ATP through substrate-level
phosphorylation.
c) It makes the most
ATP compared to
the other steps.
d) It occurs in the
eukaryotic cytoplasm.
e) It splits glucose.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements about the citric acid
cycle is true?
a) It occurs during the movement from the cytosol
through the mitochondrial membranes.
b) It makes ATP through substrate-level
phosphorylation.
c) It makes the most
ATP compared to
the other steps.
d) It occurs in the
eukaryotic cytoplasm.
e) It splits glucose.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do cells require to sustain high rates of glycolysis
under anaerobic conditions?
a) functioning mitochondria
b) oxygen
c) oxidative phosphorylation of ATP
d) NAD
e) All of the above are correct.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do cells require to sustain high rates of glycolysis
under anaerobic conditions?
a) functioning mitochondria
b) oxygen
c) oxidative phosphorylation of ATP
d) NAD
e) All of the above are correct.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across
the membrane. Brown fat can generate heat without ATP by
using uncouplers. With an uncoupler, what will happen to ATP
synthesis and oxygen consumption if the rates of glycolysis and
the citric acid cycle stay the same?
a) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will decrease.
b) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will greatly
increase.
c)
ATP synthesis will increase; oxygen consumption will
decrease.
d) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will increase.
e) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will
stay roughly the same.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across
the membrane. Brown fat can generate heat without ATP by
using uncouplers. With an uncoupler, what will happen to ATP
synthesis and oxygen consumption if the rates of glycolysis and
the citric acid cycle stay the same?
a) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will decrease.
b) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will greatly
increase.
c)
ATP synthesis will increase; oxygen consumption will
decrease.
d) Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will increase.
e) ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will
stay roughly the same.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The hydrogens taken from glucose or a breakdown
product of glucose are added to oxygen, releasing
energy to
a) actively transport H into the intermembrane
space.
b) actively transport NAD into the intermembrane
space.
c) actively transport Na into the matrix.
d) power facilitated
diffusion of H into
the matrix.
e) actively transport
H into the matrix.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The hydrogens taken from glucose or a breakdown
product of glucose are added to oxygen, releasing
energy to
a) actively transport H into the intermembrane
space.
b) actively transport NAD into the intermembrane
space.
c) actively transport Na into the matrix.
d) power facilitated
diffusion of H into
the matrix.
e) actively transport
H into the matrix.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ATP synthase at the inner mitochondrial membrane
makes ATP and water, from ADP and phosphate, by
coupling this to which other process?
a) allowing H to move down its electrochemical
gradient
b) allowing H to move against its electrochemical
gradient
c) facilitated diffusion
of H
d) active transport
of H
e) active transport
of Na
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ATP synthase at the inner mitochondrial membrane
makes ATP and water, from ADP and phosphate, by
coupling this to which other process?
a) allowing H to move down its electrochemical
gradient
b) allowing H to move against its electrochemical
gradient
c) facilitated diffusion
of H
d) active transport
of H
e) active transport
of Na
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Newborn mammals have a specialized organ called
brown fat, where cells burn fat to CO2 without capturing
the energy to reduce electron carriers or drive ATP
formation. How can this energy be used instead?
a) to synthesize glucose from CO2
b) to directly power muscle contraction
c) to provide energy for endergonic biosynthetic
reactions
d) to generate heat
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Newborn mammals have a specialized organ called
brown fat, where cells burn fat to CO2 without capturing
the energy to reduce electron carriers or drive ATP
formation. How can this energy be used instead?
a) to synthesize glucose from CO2
b) to directly power muscle contraction
c) to provide energy for endergonic biosynthetic
reactions
d) to generate heat
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?
a) to regenerate NAD so glycolysis can continue
b) to make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can
metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions
c) to make additional ATP when respiration can’t make
ATP fast enough
d) to slow down cellular oxygen consumption when
oxygen is scarce
e) to make organic molecules that cells can store until
oxygen becomes available
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?
a) to regenerate NAD so glycolysis can continue
b) to make alcohol or lactic acid that cells can
metabolize for energy under anaerobic conditions
c) to make additional ATP when respiration can’t make
ATP fast enough
d) to slow down cellular oxygen consumption when
oxygen is scarce
e) to make organic molecules that cells can store until
oxygen becomes available
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
During intense exercise, muscles lack sufficient
oxygen, so which process will these muscles mainly
use?
a) alcoholic fermentation
b) the citric acid cycle
c) only glycolysis, with NAD not utilized
d) lactic acid fermentation
e) chemiosmosis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
During intense exercise, muscles lack sufficient
oxygen, so which process will these muscles mainly
use?
a) alcoholic fermentation
b) the citric acid cycle
c) only glycolysis, with NAD not utilized
d) lactic acid fermentation
e) chemiosmosis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Because of differences in their initial oxidation state, the full oxidation
of a single carbon molecule can result in different free energy
changes, even though each forms just one CO2 molecule. Which
choice correctly matches the reactions shown with the proper relative
energy change in attojoules (1 aJ  10-18 J)?
1. CH4  2 O2 → CO2  2 H2O
2. CH3OH  3/2 O2 → CO2  2 H2O
3. H2CO  O2 → CO2  H2O
4. HCOOH  1/2 O2 → CO2  H2O
a)
1: 0.32 aJ; 2 0.57 aJ; 3 0.89 aJ; 4 1.14 aJ
b)
1: 0.32 aJ; 2 1.14 aJ; 3 0.89 aJ; 4 0.57 aJ
c)
1: 0.57 aJ; 2 0.32 aJ; 3 1.14 aJ; 4 0.89 aJ
d)
1: 0.89 aJ; 2 0.32 aJ; 3 0.57 aJ; 4 1.14 aJ
e)
1: 1.14 aJ; 2 0.89 aJ; 3 0.57 aJ; 4 0.32 aJ
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Because of differences in their initial oxidation state, the full oxidation
of a single carbon molecule can result in different free energy
changes, even though each forms just one CO2 molecule. Which
choice correctly matches the reactions shown with the proper relative
energy change in attojoules (1 aJ  10-18 J)?
1. CH4  2 O2 → CO2  2 H2O
2. CH3OH  3/2 O2 → CO2  2 H2O
3. H2CO  O2 → CO2  H2O
4. HCOOH  1/2 O2 → CO2  H2O
a)
1: 0.32 aJ; 2 0.57 aJ; 3 0.89 aJ; 4 1.14 aJ
b)
1: 0.32 aJ; 2 1.14 aJ; 3 0.89 aJ; 4 0.57 aJ
c)
1: 0.57 aJ; 2 0.32 aJ; 3 1.14 aJ; 4 0.89 aJ
d)
1: 0.89 aJ; 2 0.32 aJ; 3 0.57 aJ; 4 1.14 aJ
e)
1: 1.14 aJ; 2 0.89 aJ; 3 0.57 aJ; 4 0.32 aJ
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements comparing substratelevel phosphorylation and phosphorylation by
chemiosmosis is INCORRECT?
a) Both involve accessing energy in the form of an
electrochemical gradient across a membrane.
b) Both lead to the formation of ATP by coupling this
reaction to some other exergonic change.
c) Both involve reactions that are catalyzed by specific
enzymes whose activities can be controlled.
d) Both involve some energy being converted to heat
during their operation.
e) Both are done by many prokaryotes and by many
eukaryotes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following statements comparing substratelevel phosphorylation and phosphorylation by
chemiosmosis is INCORRECT?
a) Both involve accessing energy in the form of an
electrochemical gradient across a membrane.
b) Both lead to the formation of ATP by coupling this
reaction to some other exergonic change.
c) Both involve reactions that are catalyzed by specific
enzymes whose activities can be controlled.
d) Both involve some energy being converted to heat
during their operation.
e) Both are done by many prokaryotes and by many
eukaryotes.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Compared to the carbons in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the
carbons in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate have _______, so these
carbons are more _____.
a) fewer bonds with oxygen and more bonds with hydrogen;
oxidized
b) fewer bonds with hydrogen and more bonds with oxygen;
oxidized
c)
more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with other carbons;
oxidized
d) more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with hydrogen;
reduced
e) more bonds with hydrogen and
fewer bonds with oxygen; reduced
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Compared to the carbons in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the
carbons in 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate have _______, so these
carbons are more _____.
a) fewer bonds with oxygen and more bonds with hydrogen;
oxidized
b) fewer bonds with hydrogen and more bonds with oxygen;
oxidized
c)
more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with other carbons;
oxidized
d) more bonds with oxygen and fewer bonds with hydrogen;
reduced
e) more bonds with hydrogen and
fewer bonds with oxygen; reduced
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following processes is INCORRECTLY
matched with its location in a eukaryotic cell?
a) the production of ethanol by fermentation—the
cytosol of the cell
b) production of FADH2—the matrix of the mitochondria.
c) formation of ATP by substrate-level
phosphorylation—via the F1F0-ATP synthase
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
d) reduction of NAD+—in both the cytosol of the
cell and the matrix of the mitochondria
e) reduction of oxygen gas to water—in the matrix
of the mitochondria
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following processes is INCORRECTLY
matched with its location in a eukaryotic cell?
a) the production of ethanol by fermentation—the
cytosol of the cell
b) production of FADH2—the matrix of the mitochondria
c) formation of ATP by substrate-level
phosphorylation—via the F1F0-ATP synthase
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
d) reduction of NAD+—in both the cytosol of the
cell and the matrix of the mitochondria
e) reduction of oxygen gas to water—in the matrix
of the mitochondria
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which choice correctly orders the following four
reactions from that with the highest free energy change
to that with the lowest free energy change?
1. NADH  H+ → NAD+  2 H
2. C6H12O6  6 O2 → 6 CO2  6 H2O
3. ATP  H2O → ADP  H3PO4
4. pyruvate  CoA → acetyl-CoA  CO2  2 H
a) 3 > 1 > 4 > 2
d) 3 > 2 > 1 > 4
b) 2 > 4 > 1 > 3
e) 2 > 1 > 4 > 3
c) 1 > 3 > 4 > 2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which choice correctly orders the following four
reactions from that with the highest free energy change
to that with the lowest free energy change?
1. NADH  H+ → NAD+  2 H
2. C6H12O6  6 O2 → 6 CO2  6 H2O
3. ATP  H2O → ADP  H3PO4
4. pyruvate  CoA → acetyl-CoA  CO2  2 H
a) 3 > 1 > 4 > 2
d) 3 > 2 > 1 > 4
b) 2 > 4 > 1 > 3
e) 2 > 1 > 4 > 3
c) 1 > 3 > 4 > 2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain
combines O2 with hydrogens (that is, electrons and protons) to
form water. (See figure on next slide.) Which choice correctly
describes the ultimate source of these hydrogens?
a) The electrons are taken directly from the carbons of glucose,
but the protons (H+) are taken from bulk water.
b) These hydrogens are taken from carboxyl groups found on
organic acids in the mitochondrial matrix.
c)
These hydrogens are taken from highly oxidized carbon
atoms during their reduction.
d) Enzymes strip these hydrogens from carbons of glucose
during their oxidation and pass them to NAD+ and FAD to
bring to the electron transport chain.
e) The hydrolysis of ATP, or of GTP, supplies these hydrogens
to this complex.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain
combines O2 with hydrogens (that is, electrons and protons) to
form water. (See figure on next slide.) Which choice correctly
describes the ultimate source of these hydrogens?
a) The electrons are taken directly from the carbons of glucose,
but the protons (H+) are taken from bulk water.
b) These hydrogens are taken from carboxyl groups found on
organic acids in the mitochondrial matrix.
c)
These hydrogens are taken from highly oxidized carbon
atoms during their reduction.
d) Enzymes strip these hydrogens from carbons of glucose
during their oxidation and pass them to NAD+ and FAD to
bring to the electron transport chain.
e) The hydrolysis of ATP, or of GTP, supplies these hydrogens
to this complex.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is NOT an immediate net
product of the typical mitochondrial electron transport
chain (see figure)?
a) ATP
b) water
c) NAD+
d) FAD
e) a proton
electrochemical
gradient
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is NOT an immediate net
product of the typical mitochondrial electron transport
chain (see figure)?
a) ATP
b) water
c) NAD+
d) FAD
e) a proton
electrochemical
gradient
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
During lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is given two
additional hydrogen atoms. The immediate source of
these hydrogens is from ____, which earlier got those
hydrogens directly from _____.
a) NADH; water
b) FADH2; ADP and Pi
c) NAD+; glucose
d) NADPH; phosphoenol-pyruvate
e) NADH; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
During lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is given two
additional hydrogen atoms. The immediate source of
these hydrogens is from ____, which earlier got those
hydrogens directly from _____.
a) NADH; water
b) FADH2; ADP and Pi
c) NAD+; glucose
d) NADPH; phosphoenol-pyruvate
e) NADH; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Humans make many of our own amino acids. Which
situation would best promote the production of a
needed type of amino acid by a healthy liver cell?
a) high rates of ATP hydrolysis and a good supply
of fats
b) high concentrations of glucose and ADP in the
cytosol
c) excess amounts of other amino acids and a high
ATP/AMP ratio in the cytosol
d) anaerobic conditions and a good supply of
carbohydrates
e) inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Humans make many of our own amino acids. Which
situation would best promote the production of a
needed type of amino acid by a healthy liver cell?
a) high rates of ATP hydrolysis and a good supply
of fats
b) high concentrations of glucose and ADP in the
cytosol
c) excess amounts of other amino acids, and a
high ATP/AMP ratio in the cytosol
d) anaerobic conditions, and a good supply of
carbohydrates
e) inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Through beta-oxidation, fats are converted to acetylCoAs. The further respiration of these acetyl-CoAs
typically bypasses which parts of normal aerobic
respiration?
a) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
b) glycolysis and chemiosmosis
c) the citric acid cycle and fermentation
d) pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
e) glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Through beta-oxidation, fats are converted to acetylCoAs. The further respiration of these acetyl-CoAs
typically bypasses which parts of normal aerobic
respiration?
a) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
b) glycolysis and chemiosmosis.
c) the citric acid cycle and fermentation.
d) pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.
e) glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.