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Plants Chapter 21-29 AHSGE Std. 10 Characteristics of Plants Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic 6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 Have cell walls made of cellulose 2 Categories of Plants Non Vascular Does not have vascular tissue or true roots, leaves, or stems Vascular Have roots, stems, leaves, xylem, Phloem Non vascular plants reproduction and survival depend on water. They MUST live in moist environments. examples: mosses liverwarts Hornwarts Vascular Plants Examples: Ferns Club mosses Vascular Tissue Vascular tissue—tissue in plant that transports food/water Vascular refers to veins Xylem: transports water and minerals Phloem: transports food/nutrients Not all plants have vascular tissue Is a basis for dividing plants into different phyla Seedless vascular plants have vascular system, but don’t produce seeds ex: fern Leaves= fronds Produce spores 3 divisions Lycophyta – Club mosses Arthrophyta- horsetails Pterophyta- ferns Vascular seed plants Seed—protective structure where embryonic plant can be stored until conditions are favorable for growth Seeds allow for greater reproductive success FYI Non-Seed Plants vs. Seed Plants Hepaticophyta Anthocerophyta Bryophyta Psilophyta Lycophyta Arthophyta Pterophyta Cycadophyta Gnetophyta Gingophyta Coniferophyta Anthophyta Two types of seed plants: Gymnosperms (4 phyla) Angiosperms (1 large phylum) Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”) Seeds are not protected by a fruit Examples: Ginko biloba Conifers—plants with seeds inside cones and needlelike leaves Pines, firs, cedars, redwoods Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds are protected by fruit Produce fruits with 1 or more seeds Fruit—ripened ovary of flower Fruit aid in seed dispersal Examples: maple trees, apple trees, wildflowers, herbs, azaleas, grass, oak trees, poplar trees Two Types of Angiosperms Monocot Ex. Corn, grass Dicot Ex. Trees, shrubs, sunflowers, most flowers Two types of angiosperms Flower Structure Plant adaptations to living on land: cuticles—waxy coating on the outside of plant that prevents water loss Leaves—broad flat structures (usually) that trap light energy for photosynthesis Roots—structures that allow plants to obtain water/nutrients from soil Plant adaptations Stem- plant organ that provides support for growth and food storage. spores and seeds— structures that keep reproductive cells from drying out Xylem- transports water & dissolved substances Phloem—transports dissolved sugar Plant Tissues Stomata Controls the exchange of gases Helps control water loss. Guard Cells Control the opening & closing of the stomata Flower Structure Flowers are reproductive structures for angiosperms Produce fruit and seeds Plant Organs Petal Structure: leaf like, usually colorful structures at top of stem Function: attract pollinators Sepal S: leaf like, usually green structure that encircle flower stem below petal F: to protect developing flower Plant Organs Pistil S: located at center of flower, top of stem F: female reproductive part Style—the “stalk” that supports stigma Stigma—top of style; sticky or hairy structure that traps pollen grains Ovary—enlarged base of pistil; contains one egg Stigma Style Petal Ovary Sepal Receptacle Peduncle Plant Organs Anther Stigma Stamen Filament Style Petal Stamen Ovary Sepal Receptacle Peduncle S: located inside of petals F: male reproductive part Anther—top part of stamen, produces pollen Filament— “stalk” that Process of angiosperm reproduction Pollination—transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma Happens before fertilization Pollen is transferred to stigma by wind or animals After pollen lands, a pollen tube grows Angiosperm Reproduction Angiosperm Reproduction Pollen tube— extension that allows sperm to reach egg inside ovary Angiosperm cont’d Angiosperms have “double fertilization” meaning one sperm fertilizes egg and other sperm joins with another cell to form endosperm (nutrients). Seeds contain both endosperm AND embryonic plant Types of Flowers Complete flowers—have all 4 plant organs Incomplete flowers—lack 1 or more organs (ex: lack male organs)