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Name ________________________________ Date___________________ Period _______________
Plants Chapter 21-29
AHSGE Std. 10
2 Categories of Plants
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Characteristics
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic
6CO2 + 6H20 + Light
energy
C6H12O6
(glucose) + 6O2.
Have cell walls made of
Cellulose.
Nonvascular
Does not have vascular
tissue or true roots
leaves, or stems.
Vascular
Have roots, stem,
leaves, xylem, and
Phloem.
Nonvascular Plants- Reproduction and survival depend on water. They must live in moist
environments. Ex: mosses, liverwarts, hornwarts.
Fill out this chart Using pg. 577 in the book.
Plants
Nonvascular
Division
Mosses, Liverworts,
Hornworts
Origins
Adaptations
Liverworts were the
first land plants.
- Have rhizoids
to help anchor
the stem in soil.
- Grow in
clumps or
masses
- have leaves that
form structures that
protect reproductive
cells.
Originated 440
million Years ago.
Non-seed Vascular
- club moss
- Horse tails
- Ferns
- Devonian
Period
- 375 million yrs
ago
Seed Vascular
-
- 360 million yrs
ago during the
Paleozoic Era.
- Conifers= 250
million yrs ago.
Cycads
Ginkgo Biloba
Gnetophyta
Conifers
Anthophyta
- seeds
surrounded by
a fruit or
carried on
scales of a cone.
- Can grow in a
wide variety of
habitats.
Name ________________________________ Date___________________ Period _______________
Vascular Plants
Examples: Ferns, Club mosses
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Vascular tissue—tissue in plant that transports food/water
Vascular refers to veins.
Xylem: transports water and minerals
Phloem: transports food/nutrients
 not all plants have vascular tissue
 Is a basis for dividing plants into different phyla
Seedless Vascular Plants
 have vascular system, but do not produce seeds
 ex: fern
 Leaves= fronds
 Produce spores
 3 divisions
 Lycophyta – club mosses
 Arthrophyta- horsetails
 Pterophyta- ferns
Vascular Seed Plants
 Seed—protective structure where embryonic plant can be stored until conditions are
favorable for growth.
 Two types of seed plants
 Gymnosperms (4 phyla)
 Angiosperms (1 large phylum)
Gymnosperms
Seeds are not protected by a fruit
 Examples:
 Ginkgo biloba
 Conifers—plants with seeds inside cones and needle-like leaves
 Pines, firs, cedars, redwoods
Angiosperms
Flowering Plants
 Seeds are protected by fruit
 Produce fruits with 1 or more seeds
 Fruit—ripened ovary of flower
 Fruit aid in seed dispersal
 Examples: maple trees, apple trees, wildflowers, herbs, azaleas, grass, oak trees, poplar
trees
Name ________________________________ Date___________________ Period _______________
 Two types of Angiosperms
 Monocot
 Ex: corn, grass
 Dicot
 Ex. trees, shrubs, sunflowers , most flowers
In multiples of
3’s
One cotyledons
Usually netlike
In a ring
Flower Structure
Plant Adaptations to Living on Land
 cuticles—_waxy coating on the outside of plant that prevents water loss
 Leaves—broad flat structures (usually) that trap light for photosynthesis
 Roots—structures that allow plants to obtain water/nutrients from soil
 Stem- plant organ that provides support for growth and food storage.
 spores and seeds—structures that keep reproductive cells from drying out.
 Xylem- transports water & dissolved substances
 Phloem—transports dissolved food/nutrients.
Plant Tissues
 Stomata-Controls the exchange of gases; Helps control water loss.
 Guard Cells-control the opening & closingof the stomata
 Flowers are reproductive structures for angiosperms
 Produce fruit and seeds
Pistil
Name ________________________________ Date___________________ Period _______________
Petal
S: located at center of
Structure: leaf like,
flower, top of stem
usually colorful structures at
F: female reproductive
top of stem
part
Style—the “stalk” that
Function: attract
supports stigma
pollinators
Stigma—top of style;
sticky or hairy structure
that traps pollen grains
Stamen
Ovary—enlarged base of
S: located inside of petals
pistil; contains one egg
F: male reproductive part
• Anther—top part of
stamen, produces
pollen
• Filament—“stalk”
that supports anther
Sepal
S: leaf like, usually green
structure that encircle
flower stem below petal
F: to protect developing
flower
Process of Angiosperm Reproduction
 Pollination—transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma
 Happens before fertilization
 Pollen is transferred to stigma by wind or animals
 After pollen lands, a pollen tube grows
 Pollen tube—extension that allows sperm to reach egg inside ovary
 Angiosperms have “double fertilization” meaning one sperm fertilizes egg and other
sperm joins with another cell to form endosperm (nutrients).
 Seeds contain both endosperm and embryonic plant