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Meteorology th 4 Grade Science EQ: What is meteorology? What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere? Meteorology K-W-L Know Want to Know Learned What is meteorology? • Root and suffix – meteor means “things high in the air, atmosphere” – ology means “the study of” Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and weather. Layers of the Atmosphere Key Terms atmosphere- the mass of air surrounding Earth ionosphere- the portion of the Earth’s atmosphere where ionization created by solar radiation affects radio waves mesosphere- the layer of atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere, where temperature decreases with height stratosphere- the portion of Earth’s atmosphere between the troposphere and the mesosphere where temperature increases with height troposphere- the lowest portion of Earth’s atmosphere where most weather occurs and temperature decreases with height Exosphere: atmosphere is extremely thin here. The upper part is the beginning of true space. Some manmade satellites orbit the Earth within this layer. Thermosphere: The air is very thin here, but very hot- thousands of degrees hot! It is heated by the Sun’s energy. Both the space shuttle and the International Space Station orbit in the middle-to-upper part of this layer. Also the Aurora Borealis (northern lights) occurs in this layer. Mesosphere: This is the coldest layer. Temperatures are as low as 90 C (-130 F). Although the air is thin, it is still thick enough to burn up meteors. Stratosphere: Most of the ozone in our atmosphere is found here. Some weather balloons can reach the lower part of this layer. Troposphere: This is the layer closest to Earth, where all living things are found. It is also the layer where weather occurs and jets fly. Meteorologist for A Day Project Objective: Demonstrate understanding of meteorology by delivering an informative and accurate weather forecast as part of a four member collaborative meteorological team. Important Dates: Script Due- February 13, 2015 Tentative Presentation- February 27, 2015 Evaluations: Peer Review Teacher Review EQ: What is weather? What is climate? Weather Key Terms air pressure- the force of the atmosphere on its surroundings anemometer- a tool for measuring wind speed and direction barometer- a tool for measuring air pressure prevailing wind- air that moves in a consistent direction over time temperature- the degree of hotness in an environment thermometer- a tool for measuring temperature weather map- a map showing the principal weather conditions in a region at a given time weather- state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, caused by temperature, humidity, and wind velocity weather satellite- a satellite that observes the conditions of earth and atmosphere, including cloud cover Meteorology Instruments barometer measures air pressure rain gauge measures precipitation anemometer measures wind speed and direction thermometer measures temperature Anemometer • Meteorologist use an anemometer to measure wind speed. • The Greek root “anemos” means wind. • The Greek root “meter” means measure. EQ: Identify the symbols for a high pressure, low pressure, cold front, warm front, and stationary front. Weather Fronts Key Terms air mass- a large body of air that has similar horizontal temperature and moisture characteristics cold front- the boundary between an advancing cold air mass and a retreating warm air mass high pressure system- location where the force of the air is greater than the surrounding atmosphere; usually air spirals outward in a clockwise direction- generally results in cool, fair weather low pressure system- location where the force of the air is less than the surrounding atmosphere; usually air spirals inward in a counterclockwise direction- generally associated with precipitation prevailing wind- air that moves in a consistent direction over time warm front- the boundary between an advancing and rising warm air mass and a retreating cold air mass High and Low Pressure? Huh? H L Weather Map Symbols H Cold Front High Pressure Warm Front L Low Pressure Stationary Front Sunny Partly Sunny Cloudy Thunderstorm Rain Snow EQ: What are the 5 basic parts of the water cycle? Water Cycle Key Terms condensation- the process in which gas turns into a liquid evaporation- the process in which liquid changes to a gas percolation- the process in which water seeps through the layers of soil down to the bedrock. precipitation- water droplets and ice crystals in clouds that become too large to remain suspended in the atmosphere and so fall to earth; ex: rain, snow radiation- energy directed outward from a source in the form of waves or particles run-off- the process in which water follows the force of gravity to lower points, usually in the form of a stream or river. transpiration- water released into atmosphere from plants in the form of vapor The Water Cycle -Hydrologic Cycle Solar radiation Condensation The Hydrologic Cycle “Raining cats and dogs” • England • Australia Wet All Over! EQ: Name 3 basic cloud types. Types of Clouds Key Terms cirrus cloud- a kind of cloud that has a feathery or wispy appearance and is found at high levels in the atmosphere cumulus cloud- a kind of cloud that has a flattened base but a puffed appearance with rounded tops and can be found at all altitudes stratus cloud- a relatively uniform thin, flat sheet of cloud that occurs in the atmosphere’s lower levels thunderhead- the swollen upper part of a thundercloud cumulonimbus- a kind of cloud that has a flat bottom, but a swollen upper part shaped like an anvil. It is associated with thunderstorms. Water Cycle Processes evaporation- liquid changes to a gas condensation- vapor changes to a liquid precipitation- water falls back to the earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail What is a cloud? A collection of tiny water drops or ice crystals in the atmosphere • 3 basic types – Cirrus – Cumulus – Stratus Cirrus • Thin, wispy • Look like feathers, horsetails • Made of ice • Form high in the sky Cumulus • • • • Puffy, white Look like cotton Flat bottom Form at middle level Stratus • Flat layers • Look like sheets or blankets • Cover most of the sky • Gray or white • Often lowest clouds What kind of weather? • cirrus-fair weather near future, storm is on the way • cumulus-when they grow tall, a thunderstorm may form soon. • stratus-increase means rain, drizzle, or snow is on the way. If they lift quickly in the morning, signals a fair day. EQ: How is a hurricane and a tornado similar? How is a hurricane and a tornado different? Severe Weather Key Terms hurricane- a large tropical storm with winds greater than 74 miles per hour lightning- an ionized stream of particles flowing between two oppositely charged areas (either between two clouds or between the clouds and Earth) thunder- sound produced by the rapid heating and expanding of air in the path of a lightning discharge tornado- a very fast spiraling wind caused by an extreme drop in pressure and rising air, often associated with funnel-shaped cloud with a diameter of only a few hundred yards/meters Hurricanes • • Develop over warm water Spin – N. Hemisphere counterclockwise – S. Hemisphere clockwise • • • • Formed from thunderstorms Rain Powerful storm Summer-Fall • • • • • • Winds > 74 mph Can be 500 miles across Also called cyclones/typhoons Hurricane Hunters Tracked by satellite Storm Surge Tornadoes • • • • • • • • • Formed from super-cell thunderstorms Rain Powerful storm Summer-Fall Winds can be 300 mph Last 20 seconds to 1 hour Storm Chasers Tracked by satellite Most occur in the United States Hurricane Tornado Channel 13 News L L L H H Bill Nye “Science Guy” Atmosphere 23 min