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The Eye of the Storm Part 1: Weather Lab Hunting for a Hurricane… http://www.nasa.gov/mov/264613main_112_Hurricane_Hunters.mov QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. NASA SCI Files Altimeter …. Standby, uploading data Barometer Thermometer QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Hygrometer Click Here QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Reading Analog Gauges Hygrometer Barometer Thermometer Anemometer What is a Hygrometer? A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture in the air. How is a Hygrometer Used in Predicting Storm Intensification? Latent heat energy is the heat and energy stored in water vapor. Water vapor is the gaseous form of water. To get liquid water into a gaseous form, you have to heat it or add energy to it. Water evaporates as the sun heats up the water in lakes, rivers, and oceans. Water vapor stores the heat energy until it returns to a liquid form and releases the stored heat. As the sun heats the surface areas around us, the land areas heat up the surrounding air. Warmer air is lighter and rises. As the air rises, it cools. The cooling air reaches a point where the water vapor turns back into a liquid. The air has reached its saturation point. Saturation point can occur thousands of feet in the air or near the surface (fog). When water vapor returns to a liquid state, it gives up the heat energy. Storms will develop with taller clouds and stronger winds as more heat energy is added. So the more water vapor that is converted to liquid in the form of clouds and rain, the more likely the developing storm has to work will intensify. How is a Hygrometer Used in Predicting Storm Intensification? Temperature determines how much moisture the air can carry. But there is a limit to how much moisture air can hold. When the air is saturated it cannot hold any more water vapor. You have 100% relative humidity. At this point water condenses and falls as precipitation. The colder the air, the less moisture it can carry. If you warm that air, you increase its ability to hold water and its relative humidity will drop because it has the same amount of water in it but it can now hold more. If there is a big increase in temperature then the humidity will decrease. The warmer the air, the more moisture it will hold. Tropical disturbances have very humid air in them. Reading Analog Gauges: Hygrometer Instructions: 1. Look at the hygrometer to the right. 2. The outer scale is divided into increments of percentages of 10. The inner marking indicates air conditions from very dry to humid. 3. The small lines between the bold numbers are counted in 2’s. The first small line is 2, the second is 4,the third is 6, and the fourth is 8. 4. Look at the needle. What is the reading? 5. Write your answer on your Data Log. Reading Analog Gauges: Hygrometer Answers: 1. Your answer should be: 49%. Why? Because the needle is not 48 and not on 50. So the reading is 49%. 2. Now look the picture of the Hygrometer to the right. Is the air: A. Very Dry B. Normal C. Humid 3. Write your answer on your Data Log. Reading Analog Gauges: Hygrometer Answers: Your answer should be: Normal. Why? Because the needle over the word “NORMAL.” How does a Spring Thermometer Measure Temperature? Pictured is a spring analog thermometer, which measures temperature. There is a coiled piece of metal sensitive to heat inside. One end of the spring is attached to the pointer. As the air heats, the metal expands and the pointer moves higher. As the air cools, the metal contracts and the pointer moves lower. How is a Thermometer Used in Predicting Storm Intensification? Hurricanes form over tropical waters, which are located between 8 and 20 degrees latitude. This area usually high humidity, light winds, and warm sea surface temperatures typically 26.5 degrees Celsius (80 Fahrenheit) or greater. These conditions usually occur in the summer and early fall months of the tropical North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, which we call our hurricane season in The northern hemisphere; It runs from June 1st through November 30th. Reading an Analog Thermometer Instructions: 1. Look at the picture of the thermometer to the right. 2. Notice there are two scales. The outer scale degrees Fahrenheit and in the inner scale is in Celsius. 3. The outer scale is divided into 10’s, -10 degrees to 130 degrees. The small lines between the numbers are counted by 2’s: the first small line is 2, the second is 4, the third is 6 and the fourth is 8. 4. Look the black needle on the thermometer to the right. What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? 5. Write your answer on your Data Log. Reading an Analog Thermometer Instructions: 1. Look at the picture of the thermometer to the right. 2. Look at the inner scale, which is in Celsius degrees. 3. The inner scale is divided into 10’s : 20 degrees to 50 degrees Celsius. The small lines between the numbers are counted by 1’s. 4. Look the black needle. What is the temperature in Celsius? 5. Write your answer on your Data Log. Reading an Analog Thermometer Answers: Your Fahrenheit temperature is: approximately 90º F. Why? The needle is closest to 90 on the outer scale. Your Celsius temperature is: 32.5º C. Why? The needle is resting between 32 and 33 degrees so it is read as 32.5º. What is a Aneroid Barometer? A barometer is an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. Barometers are used in determining height above sea level and in forecasting the weather. The picture to the right is of a aneroid barometer. Inside is a piece of metal, which expands and contracts with atmospheric pressure changes. The changes in pressure move the needle on the face of the device. How is a Barometer Used to Predict a Storm’s Intensification? A low-pressure system over warm, tropical waters of 80 degrees Fahrenheit can possibly increased in strength. The storm can become a tropical cyclone and may eventually become strong enough to become a hurricane. For the hurricane is to continue to strengthen, there must be high pressure in the upper atmosphere and weak winds aloft so that the winds don't sheer off the top of the system causing the low pressure system to weaken. If the pressure continues to fall, the hurricane is strengthening. You will also see the eye of the hurricane with a well defined shape and growing smaller as well. Falling barometric indicates a storm is forming and could intensify. Reading an Analog Barometer 1. Look at the picture of the barometer to the right. 2. There is an outer scale in millibars and an inner scale in millimeters. 3. Notice the outer millibar scale ranges from 950 mb to 1050 mb. 4. The inner millimeter scale ranges from 71 to 79 mm of mercury. Reading an Analog Barometer Instructions: 1. Look at the picture of the barometer to the right. 2. Look at the outer scale. Notice the outer scale ranges from 950 mb to 1050 mb. Between the bold numbers are 9 small lines. They are counted by 1’s. 3. Look at the long black needle. What number is the arrow on? 4. Write you answer on your Data Log. Reading an Analog Barometer Instructions: 1. Look at the picture of the barometer to the right. 2. Look at the inner scale. Notice the scale is from 71 to 79 mm. Between the bold black numbers are 9 small lines. These lines are counted by 1’s, which are recorded as a decimal. For example if the black needle was on the first small line after 71, the reading would be 71.1 mm. 3. Look at the arrow of the long black needle. What number is it on? 4. Write you answer on your Data Log. Answers: Reading an Analog Barometer Answers: Your reading for the outer scale is: 1041 mb. Why? Because the arrow is on the first small line after the number 1040. Your answer for the inner scale is: 78.1 mm. Why? Because the arrow is on the first small line after 78. What is an Anemometer? An anemometer is a meteorological device used to measure wind velocity. Anemometers vary in form, but the simplest kind is the cup anemometer pictured at the top right. The cup anemometer consists of a vertical pole with four horizontal arms attached to cups. The cups catch the wind and the arms to rotate. The number of rotations equals wind speed. We will be using a hand held electronic anemometer seen to the bottom left. To simulate wind, a fan will be used. When the face of the electronic meter is held into the wind, a small fan turns the wind speed is recorded digitally on a screen. How is an Anemometer used to Predict a Storm’s Intensification? Increased wind speed within a storm system is a positive indication that the storm is beginning to intensify. The Coriolis effect, created by the Earth’s rotation, causes the air to rotate around a low pressure in a tropical system center in a cyclonic direction. When scientists study tropical disturbances, they measure wind speed, wind direction, and wind chill. Increasing wind speed within a storm is an indication the storm is intensifying. How do you Read a Digital Anemometer? Instructions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Turn on the meter. Push the ºC/ºF key. Lay the meter on the table. Find the fan. Turn it on. Hold the back of the wind meter in front of the fan. Make sure the wind wheel on the meter is near the fan and that you can see the digital read out display on the meter. Look at the digital readings on the wind meter. Write the wind speed and temperature on your Data Log. Turn off the fan and lay the meter on the desk. The Instrument Package Used by Hurricane Hunters: Dropsondes Scientists use electronic weather Instruments called dropsondes to study weather systems like thunderstorms, tornadoes, tropical storms, and hurricanes. When the hurricane hunter plane flies out to study a tropical disturbance, scientists will drop dropsondes Containing GPS, barometers, hygrometers, anemometers, and thermometers into storm bands, eye walls, and the eye. The Eye of the Storm Crew Change The Eye of the Storm Weather Lab: Part 2 What Type of Date Do Hurricane Hunters Measure During Their Mission? http://classroomclips.org/video/1286 QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Credit: N.A.S.A. Connect AATC - Hurricane Hunters Eye of the Storm: Debriefing and Briefing In part one of the weather lab, we learned about the instruments meteorologist use to study storm systems. We learned how to read an analog thermometer, barometer, and hygrometer. We also learned how to read a digital anemometer and weather station. Finally we learned how the how these instruments can help meteorologists monitor tropical systems like tropical storms and hurricanes. In part 2 of the weather lab, each each team will analyze dropsonde data that has been collected over a five-day period. You will plot wind speed, humidity, ocean surface temperature, cloud temperatures, and barometric pressures. Deploying the last dropsonde into storm’s eye… http://www.nasa.gov/mov/156471main_dropsondeSm.mov Credit: N.A.S.A. Downloading Dropsonde Data Altimeter Barometer Thermometer Hygrometer QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Current Dropsonde Data Summary Altimeter Barometer Altimeter (Wind Speeds): Barometer (Pressure): Low Pressure System- Thermometer 4 to 8 knots ocean level57 knots at 800 feet 21 knots at 10,000 feet Hygrometer Thermometer (Ocean): Falling in the Eye Hygrometer (Humidity): Relatively High 81 Degrees F Back to Analysis Slide # 37 QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 8 Teams Team 1: Northeastern Bands Team 2: Eye Wall Egress (Entrance) Team 3: The Eye Team 4: The Eye Surface Level Team 5: Eye Wall Regress (Exit) Team 6: Southwestern Bands Team 7: Northwestern Storm Bands Team 8: Southeastern Storm Bands Deciphering a METAR Altimeter METAR is a format for reporting weather information to Barometer Thermometer Hygrometer assist meteorologists in forecasting weather.A typical METAR contains data for the temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction, precipitation, cloud cover and heights, visibility, and barometric pressure. DIRECTIONS: 1. You will work in your team to decode the METAR for Charlie. 2. Find the form titled: CHARLIE’S METAR. 3. Read page 1 and then answer the questions on page 2. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Deciphering Charlie’s METAR: Answers Are the 6 Ingredients Present? Click here for answers Ocean water temperature of 26.5ー (80ーF) to a minimum depth of 50m (164 ft). Low-pressure system. Instability (air that suddenly becomes cooler a short distance above the surface). High relative humidity in the bands and low humidity in the center if storm. Gentle upper atmosphere winds, without any shear to rip the structure apart surface level and over the storm. Coriolis force to create circular flow at distances greater than 5ー (about 335 miles or 555 km) North or South of the equator. A small storm (low pressure system) to use as a seed for the big one. 4 E Y E W A L L 2 3 1 EY E Are the 6 Ingredients Present? x x Ocean water temperature of 26.5ー (80ーF) to a minimum depth of 50m (164 ft). Low-pressure system. Instability (air that suddenly becomes cooler a short distance above the surface). x High relative humidity in the bands and low humidity in the center if storm. x Gentle upper atmosphere winds, without any shear to rip the structure apart surface level and over the storm. x x Coriolis force to create circular flow at distances greater than 5ー (about 335 miles or 555 km) North or South of the equator. A small storm (low pressure system) to use as a seed for the big one. 4 E Y E W A L L 2 3 1 EY E Data Analyses Instructions 1. Each team has a folder with several forms in it. 2. Remove the Data Logs for the Humidity Readings, Wind Readings, and Barometric Readings. 3. Graph the readings on each of the Data Logs. 4. You have 30 minutes to complete this task. Data Analyses: Is the Storm Intensifying? Instructions: Now remove from your folder the Data Synthesis Form and Storm Intensification Indicators Chart. Answer the questions on the Chart. Team Meetings You Have 10 Minutes. Teams 2, 3, 4, and 5 meet to compare data and determine if the eye shows develop and if there any indications that the storm is strengthening. Elect a leader who will report your findings. Team 1, 8, 7, and 6 will meet to compare data and determine if the bands show development and if there are any indications that the storm is strengthening. Elect a leader who will report your findings. START NOW! Data Reporting: Is the Storm Intensifying? Instructions: The two group leaders will now present their findings. Group leaders will give evidences or indicators that predict the storm’s intensification or weakening. Each leader has 3 minutes to present their data. Data Synthesis: Answer Here is the overlay data from all teams. Is the storm strengthening?