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Flow of energy through a living system; energy is degraded w/ each step Fig 12-3, p.238 Generalized trophic pyramid Fig 12-6, p.241 Simplified food web Fig 12-7, p.242 Factors that effect… • Light • Temperature • (among others…that you already know…) Fig 12-9, p.244 Fig 12-11, p.247 Life in the Ocean • The PELAGIC community! • A “Pelagic community” is a community of organisms that live suspended in the water column…they either float (plankton) or swim (nekton). • This is different than those that live on shore, on the bottom (etc.) Pelagic Communitiy Plankton And nekton Fig 13-1, p.258 Bony fish examples Deep sea angler fish Marine Mammals that live in the pelagic zone (Baleen) Fig 13-21, p.275 Marine Mammals that live in the pelagic zone (Toothed) Fig 13-21, p.276 Next… • Since we know some of the organisms that live there, we can also study their interactions (w/ each other and w/I the community structure) Marine Ecology • The study of interactions of marine organisms with each other and with their environment Population • A group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area Community • Many populations of organisms that interact with each other at a particular location Community Composition • Physical factors – temperature, salinity, dessication, pressure – can all limit where an organism can survive • Biological factors – larval supply, competition, predation, parasitism, – can also limit where an organism can be found Physical Factors • • • • range of tolerance Steno = narrow Eury = wide or broad Examples: – stenothermal or eurythermal – stenohaline or euryhaline Biological Factors • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis Competition • limited supply of resources • Intraspecific competition – between individuals of the same species – Leads to adaptation • Interspecific competition – between individuals of different species – may lead to competitive exclusion Predation • Can also affect community structure • Allows for increased diversity when superior competitor is preferred prey Symbiosis • the co-occurrence of two species in which the life of one is closely tied with the life of another Symbiosis • Three types – mutualism (++) • Anemone fish, cleaner shrimp, zooxanthellae – commensalism (+0) • Pea crabs, pilotfish & shark – parasitism (+-) • roundworms