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Biota- all of the living parts of the biosphere Hydrosphere- all of the water in its various forms in the biosphere Atmosphere- the air surround Earth’s surface Geosphere- Earth’s surface and below Year-to-year weather condition for a particular area Temperature and Precipitation Day-to-day conditions are called weather Microclimate- small area with a different climate than the areas surrounding it ex: cave Three Main Climate Regions (controlled by latitude) Polar Temperate Tropic Latitude Location on landmass (on coast or inland) Proximity to land features like mountain ranges Groups of ecosystems with similar climates and similar communities Tolerance- range of conditions that plants and animals can survive Terrestrial Tundra Taiga Deciduous Forest Aquatic •Rainforest •Grassland •Desert •Savannah Ocean Estuaries Wetlands Marsh Swamp Bogs •Freshwater –Ponds –Lakes –Streams –Rivers TUNDRA Cold Very short summers Low Biodiversity Permafrost- only top layers of soil thaw in summer TAIGA Evergreen forests DESERT Very dry Organisms adapted for water conservation GRASSLAND TEMPERATE FOREST RAIN FOREST Very high biodiversity SAVANNAH OCEANS ESTUARIES Important nursery (spawning) ground for many marine species Important food source of fish for humans WETLANDS FRESHWATER Study of the size of human populations Human Carrying capacity Number is increasing with new technologies and medicines Cannot increase forever Human population used to be low and relatively stable Limited by resources and disease Past 500 years Exponential growth Occasional dips such as Middle Ages with Bubonic Plague Non-renewable- cannot be remade (or only can be remade over a very long time period) Renewable- can be remade Amount of land needed per person to support their resource needs Habitat Loss Deforestation Habitat Fragmentation Pollution Introduction of Invasive species Other Human Activities All or part of habitat is destroyed Organism move or die Decreases biodiversity in the area Deforestation (removal of forests) is an example Smaller area usually hold less individuals and less species (less types of habitat in them) A fragmented area = decrease in biodiversity Water Chemicals, Trash, Temperatures, Noise Land Chemicals, Trash Air Chemicals and Noise Give clues to the health of the ecosystem Very susceptible to pollution Example: frogs in aquatic ecosystems Skin is water-permeable so toxins have direct access Normal pH of Rain 5.6 Responsible for creating temperatures on Earth that can sustain life Trap the sun’s heat through atmospheric gases like CO2 CO2 levels cycled in the past due to natural climate cycles Rising levels of CO2 have created a greater greenhouse effect producing global warming Caused by interaction of particles from fossil fuels and sunlight Increase of UV radiation as ozone is lost Chemical pollutant becomes more concentrated as it moves up the trophic levels within a food chain or web Very dangerous for top level predators Also called non-native species Introduced to new habitat Often grows without check because of lack of natural predators or disease in the area Outcompetes other native species for resources Populations are depleted because of humans Overhunting or overfishing Over-collection Otherwise renewable resources can become nonrenewable as population levels go down Population Levels Decrease due to Habitat Loss Loss of Resources (through pollution or resource being removed/damaged) Illness/Death (from pollution or lack or resources) Other Human Activities As population levels decrease, genetic diversity goes down Populations cannot adapt or respond to changes in their environment Becomes unhealthy and more likely to become extinct As numbers decline, organisms fall into these categories Threatened Many elephant species Polar bear Endangered Giant Panda Many Marine Mammals Extinct Dodo Passenger Pigeon As species are lost in an ecosystem, the ecosystem becomes less stable The loss of one species affects other species as well Using renewable resources in sustainable ways (sustainable development) Protecting threatened and endangered species Reintroduction programs Conserving resources for their use Minimizing pollution Minimizing habit loss/habitat fragmentation Lowering ecological footprint Bridges between habitat fragments Protection against introduction of invasive species Controlling invasive species already introduced Removal Introduction of a predator Keeping/increasing biodiversity in an area