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The Ancient Greeks In the beginning… The island of CreteMinoans (1750 B.C.) Contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia…shared ideas Vanished about 1400 B.C. Volcano? Tidal wave? Invaders? In the beginning… Mycenaeans- take over Crete, but also controlled the mainland First Greek-speaking people Lived in separate city-states, each with own warrior-king and fortress TROJAN WAR Homer “Every man make up his mind to fight And move on his enemy! Strong as I am It’s hard for me to face so many men And fight with all at once. . . . And yet I will!” Homer, Iliad The Iliad and the Odyssey reveal many of the values of ancient Greeks. Geography Geography Includes the southern part of Europe’s Balkan Peninsula Hundreds of rocky islands Geography Not in a river valley!! Mountains divided the peninsula into isolated valleys Seas were vital link to the outside world Hundreds of bays and harbors Became skilled sailors Trading goods and ideas Government Government Farmed the valleys or settled on scattered islands - NO LARGE EMPIRE – instead… They formed small Isolated city-states from each other by mountains or water Government A Greek city-state is called a… POLIS (this is their basic political unit) Includes city and surrounding land Government The city is built on two levels: The part on the top of a hill is called the… ACROPOLIS (geographic term for polis) Location refuge of temples, and place of Government The rest of the city is on lower ground agora (marketplace), public buildings, theater, and homes Government The citizens that participated in the polis government made up a MINORITY of the population Women: no political or legal rights Citizens had rights and responsibilities Government Rights and Responsibilities vote own property hold public office speak for themselves in court Geography & Government Seas Trade/Travel Colonies around the Mediterranean (Spain to Egypt) What is happening now?? Geography & Government Scarce farmland on mainland most farmers move to colonies with good land So…people on the mainland move to cities increase in “manufactured” goods Geography & Government NOW…trade can exist throughout all of the Mediterranean between the colonies Governing the city-states 1. 2. 3. First, ruler was a king = monarchy Then, ruled by landholding, noble elite = aristocracy Next, ruled by small, business class elite = oligarchy Governing the city-states As Athens prospered, ordinary people grew unhappy with their lack of power… Slowly moved toward government by the people = democracy Athenian democracy was very limited Two Main City-states ATHENS and SPARTA Athens democracy Cleisthenes set up legislative Limited assembly (open to citizens) Men Debt over 30 were citizens slavery outlawed (slavery still there) Encouraged trade and travel Athens received broad education and military training Girls received no education Women were inferior, lived secluded lives Boys Oligarchy Sparta Complete military society Native-born men over 30 were citizens Conquered helots people became slaves = Prohibited trade and travel Sparta Unhealthy infants were abandoned (infanticide) All boys began military training at age 7 Girls raised to be mothers of soldiers Women obeyed men, but had right to inherit property, could be in public Athens and Sparta Religion (gods, festivals) Heroes Olympic games Language Both felt superior to non-Greeks (“barbaroi”)