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Cell Reproduction and Mitosis Cell Reproduction Remember that the Cell Theory states that cells come from preexisting cells. Cell Division is the process by which new cells are produced from one cell. Organisms grow by making more cells, not by increasing the size of its cells! The Cell Cycle The cell cycle is the sequence of growth and division of a cell. There are two basic stages in the life cycle of a cell: Interphase (I), during which the cell grows Mitosis (M), during which the cell reproduces. The Cell Cycle G1 Makes lipids, proteins, carbohydrates S DNA replication G2 Makes more proteins and preps for mitosis Mitosis Cell divides Chromosomes vs Chromatin Chromatin Loose uncoiled strands of DNA Chromosomes Chromatin winds around proteins to form chromosomes Mitosis PMAT 4 Phases P Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase A M T Prophase DNA condenses into chromosomes Nuclear membrane and nucleolus dissolve Centrioles and spindle fibers appear Metaphase Centrioles migrate to poles Spindle fibers expand & attach to chromosomes Chromosomes align along equator Meet in the middle Anaphase Centromere connecting chromatids splits Sister chromatids separate Chromatids migrate to the poles Cell membrane begins to crease Telophase Spindle fibers dissolve Two nuclear membranes & nucleoli form Cell membrane continues to crease Cytokinesis is the pinching of the membrane to form two separate cells Cytokinesis Cytoplasm splits, resulting in two new daughter cells In plant cells, vesicles containing cell wall material line up across the middle of the cell and then fuse together to form the cell plate The cell plate separates the cell into the two daughter cells and forms the cell wall Control of the Cell Cycle Cell growth and division depend on environmental and protein signals ENZYMES!!! Checkpoints at certain phases Replication is checked at G1, G2, and Mitosis Cancer Uncontrolled cell growth Usually a result of damaged DNA