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Transcript
Cytology Cell Theory • All living things are made up of at least one cell • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism • Cells only come from the reproduction of other cells Prokaryotic Cells • Bacteria • Extremely tiny (1-5 m) • Contain DNA, but lack nucleus • Only has a cell membrane-- no membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic Cell • Separate Domain than prokaryotes – Most fundamental difference in classification • Contain many membrane bound organelles • 10-100x larger than prokaryotes • Plants, Animals Fungi, Protists Cytoplasm • Portion of the cell outside the nucleus • Fluid inside of the cell • Water based solution • Nutrients needed for life dissolved inside cell • Includes organelles Nucleus—Control Center • Contains the cell’s DNA— genetic code – DNA bound in chromatin – Chromatin: thread like structure of Protein and DNA • Instructs cell how to make proteins • Enclosed by Nuclear Envelope-- a membrane – Contain nuclear pores-allow certain materials to pass in and out of nucleus • Nucleolus—dense structure where ribosomes are assembled Ribosomes • Where proteins are assembled • No membrane (also found in prokaryotes) • Made of RNA (ribose) and protein • Can be either free floating or attached to endoplasmic reticulum • Extremely tiny Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Transport network • Moves molecules to different parts of the cell • System of membranes • Rough ER-Ribosomes attached • Easily transport newly synthesized proteins • Smooth ER– no ribosomes • Transport of other molecules Golgi Apparatus QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Modification and packaging of molecules • Helps move materials into and out of cells • Works closely with ER • Stack-like membranes • Form vessicles – membrane bound sacs which hold material and move throughout the cell Lysosome • Membranes that contain enzymes that break apart various molecules • Digestion or clean up • Vessicles that contain enzymes Vacuole (mostly plants) • Large storage sacs for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates • Pressure of large vacuoles allows plants to support large structures (i.e. leaves, flowers, etc) Mitochondria • Mitochondrion (s.), mitochondria (pl.) • Transfer energy stored in carbohydrates (and other organic molecules) into ATP. • Contain DNA • Bound by double membrane – Inner membrane folds to form christae • Inherited from mother • Likely formed from prokaryotes living within another cell-endosymbiotic theory Plastids (mostly plants) • Most common is chloroplast – Transform solar energy into chemical energy— photosynthesis – Contain chlorophyll—green pigment – Thylakoid-- flat membranous sac where photosynthesis occurs • Contain DNA • Bound by a double membrane • Likely originally prokaryotic cell that lived within another (eukaryotic) cell Cytoskeleton • Gives cell shape and structure, also allow for movement • Network of protein filaments—microtubules – Support cell and transport materials – Also form cilia and flagella– structures for propulsion • Microfilaments – Smallest fibers, allow for movement of cell