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Intro to Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Network of of membranous tubules and sacs called
cisternae
Takes up more than half of total membrane in most
eukaryotic cells.
ER Membrane separates lumen (interior cisternal
space) and from cytosol.
Two distinct regions: Smooth ER and Rough ER.
Smooth ER Functions
Lipid Synthesis
Sex hormones
Carbohydrate metabolism
Drug/Poison Detoxification
Hydroxyl groups changing solubility
Habituation
Calcium ions
In muscle cells, these trigger contractions
Rough ER Functions
Protein and Membrane synthesis
Ribosomes covering Rough ER secrete proteins
Folded into lumen
Later transported by vesicles
Ex. Insulin
Membranes made for itself are later transported
to other endomembrane systems
Golgi Apparatus Functions
Compacts and stores proteins
Vesicles
Molecular Identification
Made of cisternae
Cis and Trans faces
Cis serves as bridge w/ER
Trans makes vesicles for transport to other cell regions
Modifies proteins
Cisternae between cis and trans faces
Lysosomes
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
Digests macromolecules
Autophagy and Phagocytosis
Auto- lysosomes digest/recycle inner cell material
Liver Cells
Phagocytosis- cell ingests other cell
A cell’s stomach, acid and all.
Nutrients pass into cytosol
Vacuoles
Food
Used to digest other cells, fuses w/lysosomes.
Contractile
Pump excess H2O out of cell (usually freshwater protists)
Central
Cell sap inside, different than cytosol
Holds reserve organic and inorganic compounds, metabolic byproducts, pigmentation, and toxins.
More H2O in vacuole, bigger plant cell