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Transcript
Stellar Formation Birkeland Currents Magnetic Pinch Marklund Convection Double Plasma Focus Cosmic Birkeland Currents • Stars and galaxies form on filaments of plasma called Birkeland currents. • How? • Via Marklund convection, the magnetic pinch, and the plasma focus mechanism. A Star Forming on a Birkeland Current Astronomers Know Stars Form “On Strings”. • In April, 2011 (ESA) announced that its Herschel space observatory discovered "networks of tangled gaseous filaments" in the clouds between the stars • "We can actually see stars forming like beads on strings in some of these filaments.” Galaxies Also Form on Strings The Magnetic-pinch at Work “Bug Neb.” NGC 6302 Mainstream Comment About Planetary Nebulae: • “A planetary nebula is the glowing relic of a dying, sun-like star.” • “The hourglass shapes of many planetary nebulae are produced by the expansion of a ‘fast stellar wind’ within a slowly expanding ’cloud’ which is denser near its equator than its poles.” • If so, where do the x-rays come from? NASA Is Preoccupied With Death MyCn-18 • “The sands of time are running out for the central star of this hourglassshaped planetary nebula.” • But, this star is not dying. • It is being born. Winston Bostick (1926-1991) • Consultant to LANL. • Shot two counterdirected plasma focus guns directly at each other in 1956. • Created plasmoids that had same shape and rotation as galaxies. • In 1980’s Peratt simulated these results on a supercomputer. Plasma Focus Gun The beam forms in cases where the inner electrode is at a higher voltage than the outer electrode. Shape of the Focus Discharge • a: beginning phase. • b: inner circle of discharge goes inside. • c: compression occurs - outer surface curves out. Vela Pulsar Mainstream comments: “Just because this looks like a plasma focus device doesn’t mean it is one.” “It is a dying star”. “Gravity cannot repel anything, so the jet is evidence of a black hole. Or maybe gravitational collapse” Bostick’s Results (1956) PN He2-90 Marklund Convection Elements tend to form concentric cylinders inside Birkeland currents. The radii are proportional to the ionization voltages of the elements. An Effective Coaxial Cable H, O, N Fe, Si, Mg Magnetic-pinch Applied Birkeland Currents B-Field H, O, N Fe, Si, Mg Plasma focus discharges initiated on both sides of the crimped channel. Double Plasma Focus in Action “Twin-jet” or “Butterfly” neb. M2-9 Many Examples of This Process Exist Is This a Beginning Z-pinch? “Gomez’s Hamburger” See: http://www.spaceimages.com/gomham.html Some of the Plasma Areas Can Be in Dark (Invisible) Mode. NGC 6537 M1 The Crab Nebula M1 The Crab Nebula in X-ray NGC 2346 “Cotton Candy Nebula” IRAS 17150-3224 (Scorpius) Stingray Nebula (Hen-1357) PN Hubble 5 Footprint Neb. (M1-92) “Thor’s Helmet” (NGC 2359) Necklace Nebula “Rotten Egg” Nebula PN SuWt-2 Alfvén Stellar Circuit Fomalhaut and Its Ring Is this ring the last visible part of a double plasma focus structure? SN 1987A Radio Galaxy 3C31 Centaurus A Herbig-Haro HH47 & Molecular Hydrogen Objects The Garden Sprinkler PN IBEX Interstellar Boundary Explorer Reveals Milky Way Polar Gamma-Ray “Bubbles” Is This Morphology Universal? • Do all stars form this way? • Do all galaxies form this way? • Do all stars and galaxies have (perhaps vestigial) rings? • Is this the most basic, fundamental mechanism in all of Plasma Cosmology? • It may well be. • STAY TUNED! THANK YOU